Blood cancer is a class of cancer which starts within the tissue that produces the blood such as bone marrow or cells of the immune system. As opposed to most forms of cancer, blood cancer does not form a solid tumor and impacts the ability of the blood cell production and functions. There are three types of blood cancer, namely leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is an occasion to familiarize oneself with the disease, learn about the symptoms and the importance of seeking timely medical assistance. It should be noted that blood cancer can occur among patients of all age groups, with symptoms similar to the symptoms of other diseases.

Blood cancer, also referred to as hematologic cancer, develops from the tissues that produce blood or the cells in the immune system. The common forms include:
  1. Leukemia
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Multiple myeloma
Each one is unique and needs a unique treatment strategy.

Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In cases where abnormal blood cells proliferate or malfunction, they may affect the ability of the body to produce normal blood cells.

Understanding the Major Types of Blood Cancer

Leukemia

Leukemia is the cancer that involves the tissues involved in the formation of blood, especially the bone marrow. This cancer leads to the development of unusual blood cells, leading to crowding of normal blood cells.

There are several categories of leukemia depending on the rate of its development and blood cells affected. Some of these types are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Various symptoms can be experienced depending on the type of leukemia; they include fatigue, infections, fever and easy bruising among others.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma develops in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. The two broad categories are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Possible symptoms can include:
  1. Swollen lymph nodes
  2. Persistent or unexplained fever
  3. Night sweats
  4. Unexplained weight loss
  5. Ongoing fatigue
  6. Itching or skin changes
  7. Unexplained pain in certain parts of the body
These symptoms do not necessarily indicate lymphoma and can occur with several other conditions. Persistent symptoms should therefore be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which are immune cells that normally produce antibodies. Abnormal plasma cells can accumulate in the bone marrow and affect healthy blood-cell production. They can also damage bones and affect other organs, including the kidneys.

Possible symptoms include:
  1. Bone pain, particularly in the back or ribs
  2. Frequent infections
  3. Persistent tiredness
  4. Easy bruising or bleeding
  5. Weakness
  6. Shortness of breath
  7. Bones that fracture more easily
Not everyone with multiple myeloma experiences symptoms initially, and some cases may be discovered during investigations performed for another reason.

Common Warning Signs of Blood Cancer

There is no single symptom that confirms blood cancer. However, certain symptoms that are persistent, unexplained or occurring together may require medical attention.

Some possible warning signs include:

Unusual or continuing tiredness may occur when blood cancer affects normal red blood-cell production. Changes in healthy white blood cells can affect the body's ability to fight infections. Repeated or persistent fever without an obvious cause should be medically evaluated. A reduction or abnormality in platelets can sometimes lead to unusual bruising or bleeding. Unexpected weight loss can be associated with several health conditions, including some cancers. Persistent, painless swelling in areas such as the neck, underarms or groin can occur with lymphoma and other conditions. Bone or back pain may occur in certain blood cancers, particularly multiple myeloma.

Importantly, these symptoms can also result from non-cancerous conditions. Experiencing one or more of them does not mean that a person has blood cancer. However, symptoms that persist or worsen should be discussed with a doctor.

How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis depends on the suspected type of blood cancer and the symptoms involved. Doctors may recommend a combination of tests rather than relying on a single investigation.

Common diagnostic approaches may include:
  1. Complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests
  2. Peripheral blood examination
  3. Bone marrow examination
  4. Lymph node biopsy
  5. Imaging investigations
  6. Flow cytometry
  7. Cytogenetic and molecular tests
  8. Other specialised laboratory investigations
The exact tests depend on whether leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma or another hematologic disorder is suspected.

A detailed diagnosis is important because different blood cancers can have very different biological characteristics and treatment requirements.

What Are the Treatment Options for Blood Cancer?

Treatment for blood cancer is individualised according to the specific cancer, its subtype, stage or extent, molecular characteristics, the patient's overall health and other clinical factors.

Depending on the condition, treatment may include:

Chemotherapy –Medicines are used to destroy or control cancer cells and may form an important part of treatment for several blood cancers.

Targeted Therapy –Targeted medicines are designed to act on specific characteristics or molecular changes associated with cancer cells.

Immunotherapy –Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognise and fight cancer cells. Certain immunotherapies are used for specific types of blood cancer.

Radiation Therapy –Radiation therapy may be used in selected blood cancers depending on the disease and clinical situation.

Stem Cell Transplant –For selected patients, a blood stem cell transplant may be considered as part of treatment. It can help restore blood-forming stem cells after intensive therapy.

Treatment is often multidisciplinary and may involve medical oncologists, hematologists, radiation specialists, pathologists, transplant specialists, nurses and supportive-care teams.

Can Blood Cancer Be Prevented?

Unlike many other cancers that have well-established ways of preventing through certain lifestyle modifications, it is difficult to prevent some blood cancers.

There are differences in risk factors from one disease to another. While some blood cancers have risk factors like age, mutations in the DNA, treatment for other illnesses or particular immune-related conditions, the cause of many blood cancers remains unknown.

Thus, instead of trying out ways of preventing that lack scientific backing, it is essential to know about the risk factors and consult a doctor in case of suspicious symptoms.

Why Timely Medical Evaluation Matters

Many symptoms associated with blood cancer can initially appear similar to common infections, nutritional deficiencies or other medical conditions. This can sometimes make people delay seeking medical advice.

However, persistent symptoms should not simply be attributed to stress, ageing or a temporary illness.

A doctor may recommend a simple blood test or other investigations based on the symptoms and clinical history. If an abnormality is identified, further evaluation can help determine its cause.

Awareness does not mean assuming the worst. It means knowing when to seek the right medical advice.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026: A Reminder to Stay Informed

Blood cancer is not one single disease. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma are distinct conditions, each with different biological characteristics, symptoms and treatment approaches.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is an opportunity to replace uncertainty with knowledge.

Pay attention to persistent changes in your health. Do not ignore unexplained symptoms, and consult our qualified healthcare professional when something does not feel right. Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital for you or your loved ones.

Because awareness is the first step towards understanding—and understanding can lead to timely care.Childhood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 provides an important occasion to focus public attention on cancers occurring in children and adolescents, identify symptoms of cancer, encourage early diagnosis, and underscore the significant progress made in childhood cancer treatments.

Childhood cancer is rare in comparison with cancer in adults. However, this type of cancer is still one of the most serious health problems. The World Health Organization states that there are 400,000 new cancer cases among children and adolescents in the age group 0–19 every year. The latest IARC figures show that 275,000 children and young individuals up to 19 have been diagnosed with cancer in 2024.

It is necessary to remember that childhood cancer is not a single disease. This cancer comprises a wide range of cancers which may arise in the blood, brain, bones, lymphatic system and other body parts. With proper diagnosis, targeted treatment and appropriate care, many childhood cancers may be cured.

What Is Childhood Cancer?

Childhood cancer is defined as cancer that arises during childhood and the teenage years. Childhood cancer differs from cancer in adults in that it does not have much correlation with lifestyle and exposure.

Cancer results when there are unusual changes in cells that cause the uncontrolled multiplication of cells. Unusual cells may result in tumours or may affect the functioning of organs.

The biology of childhood cancer is quite distinct from that of adult cancer. Consequently, a child will need to undergo a special form of evaluation and treatment suited for his/her age, type of cancer, development and health conditions.

How Common Is Childhood Cancer?

Though childhood cancer is relatively uncommon, its effects on the patient as well as family could be tremendous. According to the World Health Organization, about 400,000 children and teenagers between the age of 0-19 suffer from cancer each year globally. The survival rate is highly different for diverse areas; over 80% in those with advanced services for treating childhood cancers and under 30% in developing nations owing to late diagnosis and poor access to specialized treatment. According to IARC, over 94% of childhood cancer deaths take place in Africa, Asia, South America and the Caribbean.

What Are the Most Common Childhood Cancers?

Childhood cancers differ from cancers commonly seen in adults. Some of the major types include:

  1. Leukemia
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, particularly the bone marrow. It is among the most common cancers affecting children. Common forms include:
  1. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
  2. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Symptoms may include persistent fever, frequent infections, tiredness, pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding and bone or joint pain.

  1. Brain and Central Nervous System Tumours
Brain and other central nervous system tumours are among the most common solid cancers in children.

Depending on the location and size of the tumour, symptoms may include:
  1. Persistent or worsening headaches
  2. Repeated vomiting, particularly in the morning
  3. Seizures
  4. Problems with balance or coordination
  5. Changes in vision
  6. Behavioural or personality changes
  7. Weakness in an arm or leg


  1. Lymphoma
Lymphoma develops in the lymphatic system and includes Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Possible symptoms include painless swelling of lymph nodes, persistent fever, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fatigue or abdominal swelling.

  1. Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells and is most commonly diagnosed in young children. It may develop in the abdomen, chest or other areas and can cause a lump or swelling, abdominal discomfort, bone pain, weakness or unexplained weight loss.

  1. Wilms Tumour
Wilms tumour is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects young children. A painless abdominal swelling or lump may sometimes be the first noticeable sign. Other symptoms can include abdominal pain, blood in the urine, fever or changes in appetite.

  1. Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina and primarily occurs in young children. One of the important warning signs is an unusual white reflection in the pupil, particularly visible in photographs taken with a flash. Eye misalignment or changes in vision may also occur.

  1. Bone and Soft-Tissue Cancers
Cancers such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma can affect the bones, while soft-tissue sarcomas develop in muscles, connective tissues and other soft tissues.

Persistent bone pain, swelling, a growing lump or unexplained difficulty in movement should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

The major childhood cancer groups include leukemia, brain and central nervous system tumours, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour, retinoblastoma and bone and soft-tissue cancers.

What Causes Childhood Cancer?

In most cases, the exact cause of childhood cancer is not known.

Unlike several adult cancers, most childhood cancers cannot be directly linked to lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption or obesity.

Research suggests that genetic changes within cells play an important role in the development of childhood cancers. A relatively small proportion of children with cancer have an inherited genetic predisposition. WHO estimates that approximately 10% of childhood cancers may be associated with genetic predisposition.

Certain infections can also contribute to the risk of particular childhood cancers. However, for most children diagnosed with cancer, there is no single identifiable cause.

This is why parents should not assume that something they did or did not do caused their child's cancer.

Recognising the Warning Signs of Childhood Cancer

Childhood cancer can sometimes resemble common childhood illnesses. This can make recognition challenging.

Parents and caregivers should seek medical advice if a symptom is persistent, unexplained, recurrent or progressively worsening.

Potential warning signs include:
  1. Persistent or unexplained fever
  2. Unusual tiredness or weakness
  3. Unexplained weight loss
  4. Persistent headaches
  5. Repeated vomiting
  6. Bone or joint pain
  7. Unusual lumps or swelling
  8. Enlarged lymph nodes that persist
  9. Easy bruising or unexplained bleeding
  10. Frequent or prolonged infections
  11. Changes in vision
  12. A white reflection in the eye
  13. Abdominal swelling or a persistent abdominal lump
  14. Difficulty walking, balancing or moving normally
  15. Seizures without a known cause
These symptoms do not necessarily mean that a child has cancer. Many are caused by common childhood conditions. However, persistent or unusual symptoms deserve appropriate medical evaluation.

WHO specifically identifies symptoms such as fever, severe or persistent headaches, bone pain and weight loss among warning signs that can help support earlier recognition.

How Is Childhood Cancer Diagnosed?

There is no single test that can diagnose every type of childhood cancer. The diagnostic approach depends on the symptoms and suspected cancer.

Doctors may begin with:

Medical History and Physical Examination

The doctor evaluates the child's symptoms, medical history, family history, growth, general health and physical findings.

Blood and Laboratory Tests

Blood tests can provide important information about blood cell counts, organ function and other abnormalities. In suspected leukemia, for example, blood tests may provide important clues.

Imaging Tests

Depending on the suspected cancer, imaging may include:
  1. Ultrasound
  2. X-ray
  3. CT scan
  4. MRI
  5. PET-CT in selected situations
  6. Other specialised imaging investigations
These tests help identify tumours, determine their location and assess whether the disease may have spread.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves obtaining a sample of abnormal tissue for examination under a microscope. In many cancers, pathology is essential for confirming the diagnosis and identifying the exact cancer type.

NCI notes that there is no single diagnostic test for cancer and that evaluation may involve medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging and biopsy depending on the clinical situation.

Bone Marrow Examination

For suspected blood cancers such as leukemia, doctors may recommend a bone marrow examination to assess abnormal blood-forming cells.

Molecular and Genetic Testing

Modern paediatric oncology increasingly uses molecular and genetic testing to understand the biological characteristics of a tumour. These tests can sometimes help doctors identify specific alterations that may influence treatment decisions.

How Is Childhood Cancer Treated?

Treatment depends on several factors, including:
  1. Type of cancer
  2. Location of the tumour
  3. Stage or extent of disease
  4. Child's age
  5. Overall health
  6. Biological and molecular characteristics of the cancer
  7. Whether the cancer has spread
Treatment may involve one or a combination of the following.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines to destroy cancer cells or stop them from multiplying. It plays an important role in treating several childhood cancers, particularly leukemia and lymphoma, and may also be used before or after surgery for certain solid tumours.

Surgery

Surgery may be used to remove a tumour when it can be safely and effectively removed.

The surgical approach depends on the tumour's location, size, relationship with surrounding structures and the child's overall treatment plan.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses precisely targeted radiation to destroy cancer cells.

It may be recommended for certain brain tumours, solid tumours and other cancers. Modern radiation techniques aim to deliver treatment accurately while reducing unnecessary exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.

Targeted Therapy

Some childhood cancers contain specific molecular alterations that can be targeted with specialised medicines.

Targeted treatments work differently from traditional chemotherapy and may be appropriate only for children whose cancers have particular biological characteristics.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. Certain immunotherapies are now part of treatment for selected childhood cancers.

Supportive Care During Childhood Cancer Treatment

Cancer treatment can affect a child's physical and emotional well-being. Supportive care is therefore an essential part of treatment.

It may include:
  1. Management of pain and treatment-related side effects
  2. Nutritional support
  3. Infection prevention and management
  4. Blood and platelet support when required
  5. Psychological counselling
  6. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
  7. Support with school and education
  8. Emotional support for parents and siblings
Paediatric palliative care is also an important component of comprehensive cancer care. It focuses on relieving symptoms, reducing suffering and improving quality of life, whether or not treatment is being given with curative intent.

Childhood Cancer: Treatment Doesn't End With the Last Dose

Completing cancer treatment is an important milestone, but follow-up care remains essential.

Childhood cancer survivors may need regular monitoring for:
  1. Cancer recurrence
  2. Growth and development
  3. Organ function
  4. Nutrition
  5. Learning and cognitive development
  6. Emotional and psychological health
  7. Potential late effects of treatment
Survivorship care allows healthcare teams to monitor the child's health over the long term and address complications that may emerge after treatment.

Childhood Cancer Can Be Curable

A diagnosis of cancer can be frightening for any family, particularly when the patient is a child. However, childhood cancer treatment has progressed significantly.

According to WHO, more than 80% of children with cancer can be cured in countries where comprehensive childhood cancer services are accessible.

The challenge is ensuring that children everywhere have access to the same opportunities for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment and supportive care.

WHO's Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer aims to achieve at least

60% survival for children with cancer worldwide by 2030.

Childhood Cancer Awareness Month 2026: Why Awareness Matters

Childhood Cancer Awareness Month is about more than raising awareness about cancer. It is about understanding the power of early detection and specialized treatment in changing lives.

Awareness can enable parents to identify signs of the disease earlier. This can help to ensure that they take medical help on time. Awareness can also enable families to understand that children’s cancer is curable and that specialized care can indeed help a lot.

In Childhood Cancer Awareness Month 2026, let us strive for a world where all children suffering from cancer have access to accurate diagnosis, specialized treatment and a chance at leading a healthy life in adulthood.

When Should Parents Consult a Doctor?

Parents should consult a paediatrician or appropriate specialist if a child develops an unexplained symptom that persists, repeatedly returns or becomes progressively worse.

Do not panic at every symptom—but do not ignore persistent or unusual changes either. Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital

Early medical evaluation does not mean that a child has cancer. It simply helps doctors identify the actual cause and provide appropriate care without unnecessary delay.

Every pregnancy requires appropriate antenatal care, but some pregnancies need closer observation and specialised medical support. Doctors use the term “high-risk pregnancy” when the mother, the baby or both have a greater likelihood of developing complications during pregnancy, labour or delivery.

Being classified as high-risk does not mean that a serious complication will definitely occur. It means the pregnancy may benefit from additional monitoring, specialist involvement and carefully planned delivery.

What Can Make a Pregnancy High-Risk?

Existing Medical Conditions

Certain illnesses require careful management before and throughout pregnancy, including:
  1. High blood pressure
  2. Diabetes
  3. Heart or kidney disease
  4. Thyroid disorders
  5. Autoimmune conditions
  6. Blood-clotting disorders
  7. Epilepsy
  8. Severe anaemia
  9. Certain infections
Women taking long-term medicines should consult their doctor before conception or as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Medication should never be stopped or altered without medical advice.

Previous Pregnancy Complications

Closer monitoring may be advised when there is a history of recurrent miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature delivery, stillbirth, placental complications, severe bleeding, restricted foetal growth or a complicated caesarean delivery.
A previous complication does not mean it will necessarily recur, but it helps the obstetric team plan appropriate surveillance.

Multiple Pregnancy

Twin or higher-order multiple pregnancies are associated with a greater possibility of preterm birth, high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, anaemia and differences in foetal growth. They usually require more frequent ultrasound assessment and specialist monitoring.

Maternal Age and General Health

Pregnancy at 35 years or above is one factor that may increase the likelihood of certain maternal, foetal and neonatal complications. Teen pregnancy may also need additional support. Other considerations include obesity or significantly low body weight, smoking or alcohol use, poor nutrition, a short interval between pregnancies, limited antenatal care and significant mental-health concerns.
Risk is assessed individually rather than from any single factor alone.

Conditions That Can Develop During Pregnancy

A pregnancy that begins without known risk factors may become high-risk if a complication develops. Examples include:
  1. Gestational diabetes
  2. Pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia
  3. Placenta previa or placental abruption
  4. Abnormal foetal growth
  5. Reduced or excess amniotic fluid
  6. Cervical insufficiency
  7. Premature rupture of membranes
  8. Preterm labour
  9. Foetal structural or chromosomal concerns
Early recognition allows the clinical team to increase monitoring and plan appropriate intervention.

What Additional Monitoring May Be Needed?

High-risk pregnancy care in Kolkata must be personalised. Depending on the condition, the care plan may include:
  1. More frequent obstetric consultations
  2. Regular blood-pressure checks
  3. Blood and urine investigations
  4. Blood-sugar monitoring
  5. Early and targeted ultrasound examinations
  6. Foetal anomaly assessment and growth scans
  7. Doppler studies
  8. Cervical-length assessment
  9. Foetal heart-rate monitoring
  10. Consultation with relevant medical specialists
  11. Planned timing and method of delivery
Screening tests can estimate the possibility of certain conditions but do not always provide a definitive diagnosis. Results should be discussed with the obstetrician or foetal-medicine specialist.

The Role of Foetal Medicine

Foetal medicine focuses on the health, growth and development of the unborn baby, particularly when there is an identified or suspected concern.

A foetal-medicine specialist may assist with first-trimester risk assessment, detailed anomaly scans, growth monitoring, Doppler studies, multiple-pregnancy surveillance, assessment of congenital conditions, planning further diagnostic procedures and coordinating delivery and neonatal care.

When an abnormality is suspected, the objective is to provide parents with clear information, appropriate counselling and a coordinated care plan.

Why Delivery Planning Matters

In a high-risk pregnancy, the safest delivery plan depends on the mother’s health, the baby’s condition, gestational age and the nature of the complication.

The plan may consider whether vaginal delivery is appropriate, whether induction is required, whether a planned caesarean section is safer, the availability of blood and emergency support, Maternal ICU backup, the presence of a neonatologist at delivery, immediate NICU access, paediatric intensive care and other relevant specialist support.

The plan may change if the mother’s or baby’s condition changes.

Warning Signs That Require Urgent Attention

Seek immediate medical assistance for:
  1. Vaginal bleeding
  2. Severe or persistent abdominal pain
  3. Severe headache, blurred vision or flashing lights
  4. Sudden swelling of the face or hands
  5. Convulsions or loss of consciousness
  6. Chest pain or severe breathlessness
  7. Leakage of fluid before labour
  8. Persistent vomiting with inability to drink
  9. Fever or signs of infection
  10. Regular painful contractions before term
  11. Noticeably reduced or absent foetal movement
Do not wait for the next scheduled appointment when an urgent warning sign appears.

Specialist Care Without Unnecessary Fear

The term “high-risk” can be emotionally overwhelming. However, it is primarily a clinical category that helps the medical team organise the level of observation and support required.

With regular antenatal care, timely investigations, appropriate treatment and planned delivery, many women with risk factors successfully complete their pregnancies.

High-Risk Pregnancy Care at B. P. Poddar Hospital

The hospital’s Mother & Child Care services bring together obstetricians, foetal-medicine support, neonatologists, paediatric specialists and critical-care teams.

The care pathway includes support for high-risk pregnancy, delivery planning, Maternal ICU, NICU, PICU and paediatric high-dependency care according to clinical need.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does a high-risk pregnancy always lead to complications? No. The term indicates a greater possibility of complications and the need for closer observation; it does not mean that a complication will definitely occur.

How often will I need check-ups? The frequency depends on the specific risk factor, gestational age and the mother’s and baby’s condition. The obstetrician will create an individual monitoring schedule.

Will I definitely need a caesarean section? No. The method of delivery is decided according to the mother’s health, the baby’s condition, gestational age, placental position, labour progress and other clinical factors.

When should I go to the hospital urgently? Urgent assessment is needed for bleeding, severe pain, severe headache or visual changes, leakage of fluid, breathing difficulty, convulsions, preterm contractions or noticeably reduced foetal movement.

Book a Consultation

If you have an existing medical condition, a previous pregnancy complication or a concern identified during your current pregnancy, consult the obstetric team at B. P. Poddar Hospital for an individual risk assessment.

This article is intended for general awareness. Pregnancy monitoring and treatment must always be personalised by a qualified obstetrician.A cancer diagnosis can lead to many questions. Which tests are required? Has the disease spread? Will treatment involve surgery, chemotherapy or radiation? Which specialist should be consulted first?

Cancer rarely belongs to a single medical discipline. Effective treatment may require radiologists, pathologists, medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists and supportive-care professionals to work together.

Complete cancer care in Kolkata connects these services through a coordinated pathway—from initial diagnosis and staging to treatment, rehabilitation and follow-up.

Stage One: Accurate Cancer Diagnosis

The first step is to determine whether cancer is present and, if so, identify its type and extent. Depending on the symptoms and suspected cancer, doctors may recommend:
  1. Blood and laboratory investigations
  2. Ultrasonography and mammography
  3. CT, MRI or PET-CT
  4. Endoscopy or other organ-specific investigations
  5. FNAC, core biopsy or surgical biopsy
  6. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry
  7. Molecular or genetic testing where clinically indicated
Imaging can locate a suspicious lesion and assess its extent, but a biopsy is often required for definitive diagnosis. Pathology establishes the type and grade of the tumour, while molecular investigations may identify biomarkers that influence treatment.

The hospital’s Diagnostic Oncology services support screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment planning and response monitoring through imaging, laboratory medicine, pathology and nuclear medicine.

Stage Two: Cancer Staging

After confirming the diagnosis, the clinical team determines the stage of the cancer. Staging helps doctors understand the size of the primary tumour, whether nearby lymph nodes are involved, whether the disease has spread, whether surgery is feasible and which combination of treatments may be appropriate.

Accurate staging matters because two patients with the same cancer type may require different treatment plans depending on the disease’s extent and biological behaviour.

Stage Three: Multidisciplinary Tumour-Board Planning

A tumour board brings specialists from different oncology disciplines together to review the patient’s findings. The discussion may involve medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, nuclear-medicine specialists, pathologists, organ-specific specialists and supportive-care professionals.

The team evaluates the diagnosis, stage, molecular profile, overall health and personal priorities of the patient. The objective is not simply to select a treatment but to decide the most appropriate sequence. One patient may require surgery first, while another may benefit from chemotherapy or radiation before an operation.

Stage Four: Medical Oncology

Medical oncology uses medicines that travel through the body to destroy cancer cells, restrict their growth or influence the biological pathways supporting the disease.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer medicines to destroy rapidly dividing cells. It may be given before surgery, after surgery, alongside radiation or as the principal treatment for certain cancers.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy acts on specific genes, proteins or pathways involved in cancer growth. Molecular testing may be required to determine whether a patient is likely to benefit.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognise or attack cancer cells. Suitability depends on the cancer type, stage, relevant biomarkers and the patient’s overall condition.

Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy may be used for hormone-sensitive cancers, including selected breast and prostate cancers.
The Medical Oncology Department provides systemic treatment through day-care or inpatient pathways according to clinical need, supported by monitoring, transfusion medicine and symptom management.

Stage Five: Surgical Oncology

Surgery may be used to remove the primary tumour, assess or remove lymph nodes, preserve an affected organ where oncologically appropriate, relieve symptoms or reconstruct appearance and function after tumour removal.

Modern surgical oncology aims to balance cancer control with safe minimal invasiveness and organ preservation where feasible. Depending on the condition, procedures may include breast-conservation surgery, minimally invasive abdominal cancer surgery, nephron-sparing kidney surgery, sphincter-preserving colorectal surgery and limb-salvage surgery.

The Surgical Oncology Department offers cancer surgery supported by advanced operating theatres, pathology and multidisciplinary planning.

Stage Six: Radiation Oncology

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cells and limit their ability to grow. It may be used as the primary treatment, before surgery to reduce tumour size, after surgery to reduce recurrence risk, alongside chemotherapy or to relieve symptoms in advanced cancer.

Modern image-guided techniques allow radiation oncologists to shape and guide treatment according to the tumour’s position while protecting nearby healthy tissue as far as possible. The Radiation Oncology Department coordinates simulation, planning, treatment delivery and verification according to individual clinical need.

Stage Seven: Supportive and Holistic Care

Complete cancer care extends beyond treating the tumour. Patients may need support for the physical, nutritional, functional and emotional effects of cancer and its treatment.

Supportive services may include:
  1. Oncology nutrition
  2. Nausea and side-effect management
  3. Pain and symptom control
  4. Infection prevention and transfusion support
  5. Psycho-oncology counselling
  6. Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
  7. Speech or swallowing rehabilitation
  8. Palliative care and survivorship guidance
Introducing supportive care early can help patients manage treatment and maintain the best possible quality of life.

Why Coordinated Care Matters

When diagnosis and treatment services operate within an integrated system, different specialists can review the same clinical information and communicate more efficiently.

Potential advantages include:
  1. Better coordination between departments
  2. Timely access to necessary investigations
  3. A clearly sequenced treatment plan
  4. Less avoidable duplication of tests
  5. Easier monitoring of treatment response
  6. Continuity from diagnosis to follow-up
  7. Greater clarity for patients and families


Complete Cancer Care at B. P. Poddar Hospital

The B. P. Poddar Hospital Cancer Unit brings together diagnostic oncology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology and supportive care.

Every patient’s treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, molecular findings, overall health and individual priorities. There is no universal cancer treatment plan.The journey towards motherhood ideally begins before pregnancy. While many couples consult a doctor after receiving a positive pregnancy test, several medical, nutritional, metabolic and genetic factors can be evaluated even before conception.

Preconception counselling in Kolkata gives couples an opportunity to understand their health, identify potential concerns and prepare for pregnancy with an individualised plan. At B. P. Poddar Hospital, the Pre-Motherhood Clinic brings relevant assessments and specialist guidance together to support a more informed beginning.

What Is Preconception Counselling?

Preconception counselling is a medical consultation undertaken before attempting pregnancy. It reviews factors that could affect fertility, pregnancy, delivery or the baby’s health.

Preconception care is not limited to couples experiencing difficulty conceiving. It can be useful for anyone planning a pregnancy, especially when there is a known medical condition, a previous pregnancy complication or a family history that needs evaluation.

Why Is Pre-Pregnancy Planning Important?

Pregnancy places additional demands on the heart, kidneys, endocrine system and metabolism. Some conditions remain unnoticed until pregnancy, while others may require better control, medication review or closer monitoring.
  1. A pre-pregnancy assessment may help identify:
  2. Diabetes or abnormal blood sugar
  3. High blood pressure
  4. Thyroid disorders
  5. Anaemia and nutritional deficiencies
  6. Obesity or significantly low body weight
  7. Menstrual or ovulatory disorders
  8. Inherited medical conditions
  9. Infections or incomplete immunisation
  10. Medicines that may need review before conception
  11. Risks related to previous pregnancy complications
Identifying concerns early allows the medical team to recommend appropriate assessment and optimisation before pregnancy wherever possible.

What Happens at a Pre-Motherhood Clinic?

The consultation is personalised according to the couple’s age, medical history, family history, lifestyle and reproductive goals. Not every person requires every investigation.

1. Medical and Reproductive History

The doctor may ask about menstrual regularity, previous pregnancies or miscarriages, caesarean sections, existing illnesses, operations, current medicines, supplements, family history and occupational or lifestyle exposures. The partner’s medical and family history may also be relevant.

2. Fertility Assessment

A fertility assessment may be advised when there are irregular cycles, previous reproductive difficulties, advancing age or other relevant factors. Depending on clinical need, this may include evaluation of ovulation, ovarian reserve, pelvic ultrasonography, hormonal investigations, semen analysis and assessment for conditions such as PCOS or endometriosis.
A fertility assessment does not automatically mean assisted reproduction will be required. Its purpose is to understand reproductive health and determine whether further evaluation is necessary.

3. Genetic Risk Assessment

Genetic counselling or testing may be considered when there is a family history of an inherited disorder, either partner is a known carrier, there have been recurrent miscarriages, a previous child had a congenital or chromosomal condition, the partners are blood relatives, or the clinical history suggests a specific inherited risk.
Genetic evaluation should be recommended selectively and interpreted by a qualified professional. It cannot predict every possible health condition.

4. Risk Stratification

Risk stratification helps the clinical team identify factors that could make conception, pregnancy or delivery more complex. These may include advanced maternal age, chronic illness, previous obstetric complications, multiple pregnancy risk or long-term medication use. The result guides the level of specialist involvement and monitoring that may be required.

5. Metabolic Optimisation

Diabetes, thyroid disease, hypertension and obesity can influence pregnancy. Preconception counselling allows these conditions to be assessed and managed before conception wherever possible. Metabolic optimisation may involve blood-sugar evaluation, thyroid-function assessment, blood-pressure monitoring, nutrition and weight-management guidance, and review of existing medicines. Patients should never stop or change prescribed medicines without consulting their doctor.

6. Immunity and Infection Screening

The doctor may review vaccination history and immunity against infections that could affect pregnancy. Testing or vaccination may be recommended according to medical history and current clinical guidance. Some vaccines cannot be given during pregnancy, making preconception review particularly important.

7. Nutrition and Folic Acid

Good nutrition supports maternal health and early foetal development. Folic acid is generally advised before conception and during early pregnancy, but the dose should be decided by a doctor because some women require a different amount based on their medical or pregnancy history. The consultation may also address iron and vitamin deficiencies, balanced nutrition, safe physical activity, caffeine, tobacco, alcohol, sleep, stress and occupational exposure.

Who Should Particularly Consider Preconception Counselling?

  1. Women with diabetes, thyroid disease or hypertension
  2. Women with heart, kidney, neurological or autoimmune conditions
  3. Couples with PCOS, endometriosis or fertility concerns
  4. Those with previous miscarriage, stillbirth or premature delivery
  5. Women with previous pregnancy-related hypertension or diabetes
  6. Couples with a family history of inherited disorders
  7. Women taking long-term medicines
  8. Those planning pregnancy at 35 years or above
Parents who previously had a baby with a congenital condition
Even couples without known medical concerns can benefit from a structured pre-pregnancy consultation.

Preconception Care Is for Both Partners

Pregnancy preparation is not solely the woman’s responsibility. The male partner’s health, lifestyle, family history and reproductive status can influence fertility and pregnancy planning. Where relevant, both partners should participate in counselling and recommended assessments.

Preparation Does Not Mean Prediction

No test can guarantee conception or an uncomplicated pregnancy. The objective of a Pre-Motherhood Clinic is to identify manageable risks, provide appropriate counselling and create a medically informed plan. It offers a better-prepared starting point—not a promise of a particular outcome.

Begin the Journey With the Right Preparation

The period before conception offers an important opportunity to improve health, review risks and address unanswered questions. At the B. P. Poddar Hospital Pre-Motherhood Clinic, fertility evaluation, genetic risk assessment, metabolic optimisation, immunity review and preconception counselling come together to support informed pregnancy planning.

Frequently Asked Questions

When should I book a preconception consultation? Ideally, consultation should take place before attempting pregnancy, especially if either partner has a medical condition, takes long-term medication or has a relevant family or reproductive history. Does every couple need genetic testing before pregnancy? No. Genetic testing is usually recommended selectively based on family history, carrier status, previous pregnancy history or another specific clinical concern.

Book a Consultation

If you are planning to start a family, schedule a preconception consultation with the Mother & Child Care team at B. P. Poddar Hospital.

This article is intended for general awareness. Tests, supplements and treatment should be undertaken only after consultation with a qualified medical professional.Artificial intelligence is transforming several areas of healthcare, including oncology. However, the expression “AI-assisted cancer care” is often misunderstood. It does not mean that a machine independently diagnoses cancer or decides a patient’s treatment. Instead, AI provides clinicians with an additional layer of analytical support while qualified specialists remain responsible for every medical decision.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital Cancer Unit, advanced technology, diagnostic services and multidisciplinary expertise come together to support comprehensive, personalised cancer care in Kolkata.

What Is AI-Assisted Cancer Care?

AI-assisted cancer care involves specialised computer-based systems that analyse complex medical information, recognise patterns and support clinical decision-making. The precise role depends on the validated technology available and the clinical setting in which it is used.

Depending on the system, AI may assist with:
  1. Analysing medical images and highlighting areas that require closer review
  2. Mapping the size, shape and location of a tumour
  3. Supporting radiotherapy contouring and treatment planning
  4. Organising pathology, molecular and clinical information
  5. Comparing current findings with established medical data
  6. Monitoring changes in a tumour during or after treatment


AI output must always be interpreted within the patient’s complete clinical context. It is a support tool—not an independent replacement for medical expertise.

How AI Can Support Different Stages of Cancer Care

1. Cancer Detection and Medical Imaging

Medical imaging plays an important role in detecting, locating and staging cancer. Depending on the suspected condition, doctors may recommend mammography, ultrasonography, CT, MRI, PET-CT or other specialised investigations.

AI-assisted imaging systems can help radiologists review large volumes of image data and flag areas that may deserve closer examination. They may also support comparison between current and earlier scans. The radiologist remains responsible for the final interpretation and for correlating the images with the patient’s symptoms, examination and other reports.

2. Pathology and Molecular Diagnosis

A biopsy is often required to confirm whether a suspicious growth is cancerous. The collected tissue may undergo histopathology, immunohistochemistry and, where indicated, molecular testing.

These investigations can help determine:
  1. The type and grade of cancer
  2. Receptor status and relevant biomarkers
  3. Genetic or molecular alterations
  4. The probable biological behaviour of the tumour
Whether targeted therapy or immunotherapy may be appropriate

AI-based analytical systems are being used and studied for their ability to identify patterns in pathology slides and complex molecular data. Nevertheless, the pathologist and treating oncologist remain central to interpreting the findings.

3. Personalised Treatment Planning

Cancer treatment is never based on the diagnosis alone. Doctors also consider the cancer’s stage, location, molecular characteristics, previous treatment, the patient’s overall health and individual priorities.

AI-assisted systems may help organise these different data points and make complex information easier for the multidisciplinary team to review. This can support a more personalised discussion involving medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists and supportive-care specialists.

4. Radiation Therapy Planning

Radiation therapy requires a high degree of accuracy. The treatment team must deliver the prescribed dose to the tumour while limiting exposure to nearby healthy organs.

Modern radiation techniques can support focused treatment, while computer-assisted contouring, image analysis, dose calculation and treatment verification may strengthen planning and quality assurance. Every plan must be reviewed, approved and monitored by the radiation oncology team.

Potential Benefits for Patients

When appropriately validated and used under specialist supervision, AI-assisted technology may support:
  1. More detailed analysis of complex medical information
  2. Greater consistency in selected clinical workflows
  3. More individualised treatment planning
  4. Precise localisation of a tumour and nearby organs
  5. Faster organisation of diagnostic information
  6. Closer monitoring of changes during treatment
  7. Better coordination among different specialists


These tools support clinical care, but they cannot guarantee a diagnosis, treatment response or outcome.

Does AI Replace the Oncologist?

No. AI cannot understand a patient’s complete medical, emotional and personal circumstances in the way a treating specialist does. The oncologist considers symptoms, physical condition, other illnesses, previous treatments, possible side effects, quality-of-life priorities and the patient’s own preferences.

AI may assist with analysing information, but responsibility for diagnosis, counselling, treatment selection and follow-up remains with the clinical team.

Complete Cancer Care Requires More Than Technology

Technology alone cannot provide complete cancer care. A comprehensive cancer programme must connect diagnosis, medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology and supportive services through a coordinated pathway.

The B. P. Poddar Hospital Cancer Unit brings together diagnostic evaluation, pathology, imaging, systemic therapy, cancer surgery, radiation oncology, nutrition, pain and symptom management, rehabilitation, palliative care and follow-up according to individual need.

Questions Patients Should Ask

  1. At which stage of my care is AI being used?
  2. What information does the technology analyse?
  3. Who reviews and validates its findings?
  4. How could the output influence my treatment plan?
  5. What are the limitations of the technology?
  6. What other diagnostic or treatment options are available?


AI-Assisted. Specialist-Led. Patient-Focused.

The future of oncology lies in combining technological intelligence with clinical judgement and compassionate care. AI can help specialists process complex information, but it is the multidisciplinary cancer team that understands the individual behind the diagnosis.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can AI diagnose cancer on its own? No. AI may identify patterns or flag suspicious findings, but a qualified specialist must interpret the results. A biopsy and pathology examination are often required to confirm cancer.

Does AI decide which cancer treatment I should receive? No. Treatment is decided by the clinical team after considering the cancer type, stage, biomarkers, overall health, previous treatment and the patient’s priorities.

Is AI-assisted cancer care suitable for every patient? Not necessarily. The usefulness of any AI-assisted system depends on the specific clinical question, the validated technology available and the patient’s individual circumstances.

Will AI-assisted care improve my outcome? AI may support analysis, planning and workflow consistency, but it cannot guarantee a particular treatment response or outcome.

Book a Consultation

For a cancer consultation or second opinion, contact B. P. Poddar Hospital and speak with the oncology team. Please carry all available reports, imaging and biopsy records.

This article is intended for general awareness and does not replace consultation with a qualified medical professional.Difficulty in swallowing is sometimes considered a minor digestive issue. However, if the problem continues and becomes more persistent, there might be a possibility that the patient has some form of disorder related to his food pipe. One such example would be achalasia cardia, which may make it hard for patients to swallow both food and liquids smoothly.

Due to advances in gastroenterology, there are several treatment methods for patients suffering from achalasia. One of the many treatments for this disorder includes POEM, which stands for Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy.

What Is Achalasia Cardia?

Achalasia Cardia is an esophageal (food pipe) problem, where there is difficulty in the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, the muscular valve that is between the esophagus and stomach. The role of the muscle is to open so that food and liquid may be allowed into the stomach.

However, because of malfunctioning of the nerves of the esophagus, this cannot be done. Food is therefore unable to move from the esophagus into the stomach.

Common Symptoms of Achalasia

The symptoms of achalasia can develop gradually, which is why they may sometimes be mistaken for acidity or other digestive conditions.

Common symptoms include:
  1. Difficulty swallowing food or liquids
  2. A sensation of food getting stuck in the chest
  3. Regurgitation of undigested food or liquids
  4. Chest discomfort or pain
  5. Persistent cough, particularly at night
  6. Unintentional weight loss
  7. Heartburn-like symptoms
  8. Difficulty eating normally
If swallowing difficulty continues or becomes progressively worse, a gastroenterology evaluation can help identify the underlying cause.

What Causes Achalasia?

The exact cause of achalasia is not completely understood. It is associated with damage or degeneration of the nerve cells responsible for coordinating movement and relaxation of the esophagus.

Because the condition affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract, diagnosis generally requires specialized evaluation. Doctors may recommend investigations such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophageal manometry and imaging studies depending on the patient's symptoms.

How Is Achalasia Cardia Treated?

Treatment for achalasia focuses on reducing the pressure at the lower end of the esophagus and improving the passage of food into the stomach.

Depending on the severity of the condition and the patient's overall health, treatment may include:

Medicines Certain medicines can temporarily reduce pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter. However, their effectiveness may be limited and they are generally not considered a definitive solution for everyone.

Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation During this procedure, a specialized balloon is used to stretch the lower esophageal sphincter. It can improve swallowing in many patients, although repeat treatment may sometimes be required.

Heller's Myotomy Heller's myotomy is a surgical procedure in which the muscles of the lower esophageal sphincter are divided to allow food to pass more easily into the stomach. It has been an established treatment for achalasia for many years.

POEM Surgery Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) is a minimally invasive endoscopic treatment for achalasia cardia. Instead of making a large external incision, the procedure is performed through the mouth using an endoscope.

During POEM, the specialist creates a small tunnel within the esophageal wall and carefully divides the muscles responsible for the abnormal resistance to food passage. This helps improve the opening between the esophagus and stomach.

Why Is POEM Considered an Advanced Treatment for Achalasia?

One of the key advantages of POEM for achalasia is that the procedure is performed internally through an endoscope rather than through a large surgical incision.

Depending on the patient's condition and medical assessment, potential benefits may include:
  1. No large external surgical incision
  2. No visible abdominal scar from conventional surgery
  3. Minimally invasive approach
  4. Reduced surgical trauma
  5. Faster recovery in suitable patients
  6. Earlier return to regular activities
POEM may be particularly valuable for selected patients with different types of achalasia, including cases where the esophageal muscles are significantly affected.

Diagnosis Is the First Step

Persistent swallowing difficulty should not be ignored. Since symptoms of achalasia can resemble other gastrointestinal conditions, an accurate diagnosis is essential before deciding on treatment.

A gastroenterologist may assess the patient's symptoms and recommend appropriate tests to understand how the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter are functioning.

Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the treatment approach can be personalised according to the type and severity of achalasia, the patient's medical history and other clinical factors.

Get Expert Care for Achalasia Cardia

Living with difficulty swallowing can affect nutrition, daily activities and overall quality of life. Fortunately, advances in minimally invasive gastroenterology have expanded treatment options for patients with achalasia cardia.

If you experience persistent difficulty swallowing, food regurgitation, unexplained weight loss or a recurring sensation of food getting stuck, consult a qualified gastroenterology specialist for evaluation.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd., advanced gastroenterology care is available for the diagnosis and management of conditions affecting the digestive system, including achalasia cardia. The appropriate treatment is determined after a detailed evaluation of each patient.

Don't let persistent swallowing difficulty become a part of everyday life. Expert evaluation can help identify the cause and guide you towards the right treatment.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare condition where there is an abnormal formation connecting the arteries and veins. In a healthy person, the blood flows from arteries through capillaries into veins. However, in AVM, the normal sequence is bypassed, allowing the blood to flow directly from arteries to veins.

An AVM can occur in various regions of the body. However, brain arteriovenous malformations (brain AVMs) demand special care because of their ability to cause hemorrhage and neurological complications. An AVM can be asymptomatic in some people and result in headaches and seizures in others.

Thanks to improvements in diagnostic imaging technology and minimally invasive surgical techniques of B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital, AVMs are now being diagnosed and treated with several therapeutic options available for consideration.

What Happens in an Arteriovenous Malformation?

Typically, arteries conduct blood under high pressure, whereas veins receive blood from the arteries in a low-pressure state. The capillary bed between them acts to control blood circulation.

In an AVM, the presence of capillaries is not there, causing direct transfer of blood from arteries to veins. It leads to unusual blood flow and can also add to the stress in the vessels.

In certain situations, the blood vessels can be prone to rupture, thus leading to bleeding. Nevertheless, it must be noted that not all AVMs are associated with any complications.

Symptoms of Brain AVM

The symptoms of a brain AVM can vary depending on its location, size and whether it has caused bleeding.

Some patients may experience:
  1. Persistent or recurrent headaches
  2. Seizures
  3. Weakness or numbness
  4. Problems with speech or vision
  5. Difficulty with coordination or movement
  6. Changes in neurological function
In some cases, an AVM may remain silent and be discovered incidentally during brain imaging performed for another reason.

A sudden and severe headache, sudden weakness, difficulty speaking, loss of consciousness or other sudden neurological symptoms can indicate a medical emergency and require immediate medical attention.

Why Can an AVM Be Serious?

Among the issues related to brain AVM is the occurrence of brain hemorrhage, in the case where there is any rupturing of the abnormal blood vessels.

The chances of developing the complication do not affect all patients equally. Things such as the site of the AVM, the AVM's size and configuration, and prior bleeds are taken into account when evaluating the AVM.

That is why AVM needs proper evaluation instead of generalized treatment methods.

How Is an AVM Diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis is an important part of AVM management. Doctors use advanced imaging techniques to understand the location and structure of the abnormal blood vessels.

Depending on the patient's symptoms and clinical condition, investigations may include MRI, CT scans and cerebral angiography.

Cerebral angiography is particularly useful for understanding the blood vessels supplying and draining the AVM. This detailed information helps specialists plan treatment and assess the relationship between the AVM and surrounding brain structures.

Treatment Options for AVM

Treatment for an arteriovenous malformation depends on several factors, including its size, location, blood-flow pattern, symptoms and the potential risks associated with treatment.

In some patients, careful observation with regular imaging may be appropriate. When active treatment is recommended, modern management may involve endovascular embolization, microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Endovascular Embolization

Endovascular embolization is a minimally invasive technique used to reduce blood flow through the abnormal vessels.

A thin catheter is guided through the blood vessels to reach the AVM. Specialized material can then be delivered through the catheter to block or reduce blood flow to selected vessels feeding the malformation.

Embolization may sometimes be used as an independent treatment in carefully selected cases, or as part of a planned treatment strategy before surgery or radiosurgery.

Microsurgical Treatment

For certain AVMs, particularly those that can be safely accessed, microsurgical removal may be considered.

During the procedure, the abnormal vessels are carefully identified and separated from the surrounding healthy brain tissue before the AVM is removed.

Whether surgery is appropriate depends heavily on the AVM's location and its relationship with important areas of the brain. Detailed pre-operative imaging and specialist assessment are therefore essential.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery is a non-invasive treatment that uses precisely focused radiation to target the abnormal blood vessels.

Unlike conventional surgery, it does not require an open surgical incision. Over time, the treated vessels undergo changes that can gradually lead to closure of the AVM.

This approach may be considered for selected AVMs, particularly when the malformation is small or located in an area where conventional surgery may carry greater risks.

When a Combination of Treatments May Be Needed

Some AVMs are complex and may not be best managed with a single treatment method.

In selected cases, specialists may use a multimodal approach, combining techniques such as embolization and surgery or radiosurgery. For example, embolization may be performed first to reduce blood flow through specific parts of the AVM before another treatment is undertaken.

The objective is to achieve effective treatment while minimizing the potential risk to surrounding healthy brain tissue.

How Doctors Decide the Right Treatment

AVM treatment needs to be personalized. Before recommending a particular procedure, specialists may evaluate:
  1. The size and location of the AVM
  2. The arteries supplying the malformation
  3. The veins draining it
  4. Whether the AVM has previously bled
  5. The patient's symptoms
  6. The relationship of the AVM to important areas of the brain
  7. The potential risks and benefits of each treatment option
This detailed assessment helps the medical team determine whether observation, embolization, surgery, radiosurgery or a combination of treatments is most appropriate.

Conclusion

An AVM requires precise diagnosis, careful planning and specialised treatment like SGRT. At B. P. Poddar Hospital Cancer Unit, advanced technology like IGRT, SGRT from Vision RT’s Align RT and multidisciplinary expertise come together to provide personalised care tailored to each patient’s condition.

The right evaluation is the first step towards the right treatment.

Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, but many serious cardiac conditions can be treated successfully when diagnosed early. Unfortunately, people often dismiss the early warning signs as stress, acidity, fatigue or simply "getting older." Delaying medical attention can increase the risk of complications, including a heart attack or heart failure.

Recognizing the symptoms early and seeking prompt medical care can make a significant difference. At B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd., our experienced cardiologists and 24×7 emergency cardiac services are dedicated to providing timely diagnosis and advanced treatment when every second matters.

Why Early Detection Matters

The heart always works in pumping oxygen-filled blood into your body. In times of stress and diseases, the heart will definitely give you symptoms. Neglecting these signs means that there could be something serious about to happen to your heart while early examination can save you from this risk. It could be a problem with coronary artery disease, an irregular heartbeat, a valve disease or even heart failure among others.

Warning Signs You Should Never Ignore

1. Chest Pain or Discomfort

Chest pain is one of the most recognized symptoms of a heart problem, but it doesn't always feel severe. It may present as pressure, heaviness, tightness, burning or squeezing in the chest. Some people also experience discomfort that spreads to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw or back. While not every episode of chest pain is related to the heart, it should never be ignored—especially if it occurs during physical activity or is accompanied by sweating, nausea or breathlessness.

2. Shortness of Breath

Feeling unusually breathless during routine activities or while resting may indicate that your heart is struggling to pump blood efficiently. Shortness of breath can be associated with conditions such as:
If breathing suddenly becomes difficult or worsens rapidly, immediate medical attention is essential.

3. Palpitations

Occasional awareness of your heartbeat may be harmless, but persistent or sudden palpitations deserve medical evaluation. You may notice:
These symptoms may be caused by stress or caffeine, but they can also indicate cardiac arrhythmias that require diagnosis and treatment.

4. Unexplained Fatigue

Feeling unusually tired despite adequate rest should not always be attributed to a busy lifestyle. Persistent fatigue can sometimes be an early sign of reduced heart function, particularly when accompanied by breathlessness or reduced exercise tolerance. If daily activities suddenly become more exhausting than usual, it is advisable to consult a cardiologist.

5. Dizziness or Fainting

Frequent dizziness, light-headedness or episodes of fainting may occur when the brain does not receive enough blood flow. Possible cardiac causes include:
Because fainting can sometimes signal a serious underlying problem, it should always be evaluated by a medical professional.

Who Is at Higher Risk of Heart Disease?

Although heart disease can affect anyone, certain factors increase the risk, including:
If you have one or more of these risk factors, regular cardiac health check-ups become even more important. How Early Diagnosis Can Save Lives

Modern cardiology offers advanced diagnostic tools that help identify heart conditions before they become critical. Depending on your symptoms, your cardiologist may recommend:
Timely diagnosis allows treatment to begin sooner, reducing the risk of heart attack, stroke and long-term heart damage.

Simple Ways to Protect Your Heart

When Should You Seek Emergency Care?

Seek immediate emergency medical attention if you experience:


Early treatment during a heart attack can significantly improve survival and reduce permanent damage to the heart. Comprehensive Cardiac Care at B.P. Poddar Hospital

At B.P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd., we provide comprehensive cardiac care through experienced cardiologists, advanced diagnostic technology and 24×7 emergency cardiac services, Round the Angiography. We have Two dedicated 4th Gen Cath labs and CTVS OT. From preventive heart check-ups and diagnostic evaluations to emergency interventions and ongoing cardiac care, our multidisciplinary team is committed to delivering timely, evidence-based treatment tailored to every patient's needs. Over the last decade, there has been a significant development in cancer treatments owing to the technological advancements that have ensured that the procedures are safe, more accurate and comfortable for the patients. In an effort to continue its tradition of providing world-class healthcare in Eastern India, B. P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd. is happy to announce the use of Surface Guided Radiation Therapy (SGRT) through Vision RT's AlignRT® software, in partnership with Oregon Healthcare.

This new installation makes B. P. Poddar Hospital the first corporate hospital in Eastern India to deploy this innovative technology for the treatment of cancer patients.

What is Surface Guided Radiation Therapy (SGRT)?

Surface Guided Radiation Therapy (SGRT) is a novel form of radiation therapy which employs the use of three-dimensional imaging and surface tracking in order to track the position of the patient's body during the treatment.

Whereas in traditional forms of radiotherapy techniques, there was a need for the permanent tattoos or skin marking to guide in the positioning of the patient, Surface Guided Radiotherapy eliminates the need for this entirely, hence making the procedure totally non-invasive.

Using the Vision RT software's AlignRT®, any motion that exceeds the predetermined parameters can lead to the interruption of the process of radiation.

Why Precision Matters in Radiation Therapy

The goal of radiotherapy is to target the cancerous cells without harming other vital organs and tissues in the process.

Just a small deviation, which occurs due to breathing movements or even bodily shifts, may change the effectiveness of treatment. With the use of modern devices like SGRT, such risks become much lower as the patient’s position is tracked during the entire session. Such precision makes it possible for radiation oncologists to safely irradiate the tumor with maximum efficiency.

Introducing Vision RT's AlignRT® at B. P. Poddar Hospital

The newly installed Vision RT's AlignRT® Surface Guided Radiation Therapy (SGRT) system represents one of the latest advancements in modern radiation oncology. The technology offers:


By incorporating AlignRT® into clinical practice, B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital continues its mission of offering globally accepted technologies for comprehensive cancer care.

Key Benefits of SGRT

1. Tattoo-Free and Non-Invasive Patient Positioning Traditionally, many patients’ undergoing radiation therapy receive permanent or semi-permanent skin tattoos to ensure accurate positioning during every treatment session. With Surface Guided Radiation Therapy, patient positioning is achieved without tattoos or skin markings.
This provides:


2. Continuous Monitoring During Radiation Delivery One of the biggest advantages of Vision RT's AlignRT® is its ability to monitor the patient's position throughout treatment.
Instead of checking alignment only before treatment begins, SGRT continuously observes body movement during radiation delivery.
If unexpected movement occurs, the treatment team can immediately respond, ensuring radiation remains precisely targeted.
This additional layer of safety significantly improves treatment accuracy.

3. Respiratory Motion Management for Chest and Abdominal Tumours Tumours located in the lungs, liver, pancreas, and other abdominal organs naturally move as patients breathe.
Treating these moving targets has traditionally been challenging.
SGRT helps manage respiratory motion by accurately tracking body movement during breathing, allowing radiation oncologists to deliver focused treatment while minimising radiation exposure to nearby healthy organs.
This is especially beneficial for patients with:


4. Better Protection for the Heart During Left-Sided Breast Cancer Treatment One of the most important applications of SGRT is in the treatment of left-sided breast cancer.
Because the heart lies close to the left breast, conventional radiation therapy may expose portions of the heart to radiation.
Using Deep Inspiratory Breath Hold (DIBH) together with Vision RT's AlignRT®, patients are guided to take and maintain a deep breath during treatment.

This temporarily increases the distance between the heart and the breast, significantly reducing radiation exposure to the heart.
The benefits include:


A Significant Milestone in Cancer Care

The installation of Vision RT's AlignRT® Surface Guided Radiation Therapy represents another important milestone in the continuous advancement of radiation oncology services at B. P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd.

As the first corporate hospital in Eastern India to introduce this advanced SGRT technology, the hospital strengthens its commitment to offering patients access to internationally recognised innovations in cancer treatment. This advancement complements the hospital's comprehensive oncology services, ensuring patients receive care supported by modern technology, experienced specialists, and evidence-based treatment protocols.

Who Can Benefit from SGRT?

Surface Guided Radiation Therapy is particularly beneficial for patients receiving radiation treatment for:
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT/SRS), where precise targeting is essential Your radiation oncologist will determine whether SGRT is appropriate based on your individual treatment plan.

The Future of Radiation Therapy is Here

Modern cancer treatment is no longer just about treating disease—it is about improving precision, enhancing safety, and providing a better patient experience.
With the introduction of Vision RT's AlignRT® Surface Guided Radiation Therapy (SGRT), B. P. Poddar Hospital & Medical Research Ltd. continues to set new standards in advanced radiation oncology.

From tattoo-free treatment setup to real-time motion monitoring and improved protection of healthy organs, SGRT represents a significant advancement in patient-centred cancer care. If you or a loved one has been advised to undergo radiation therapy, contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital to learn how advanced technologies like SGRT can help deliver more accurate, safer, and more personalised treatment.

Medical Content reviewed by Dr. Sreejata Raychaudhuri
Consultant Medical Oncologist
B.P. Poddar Hospital - Cancer Unit

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