Let us read about our satisfied patient Mr. Balaram Das. He was admitted to B.P. Poddar Hospital three months back. He was suffering from recurrent chest pain which was exacerbated during strenuous activities. After Doctor visit, he was advised Angiography where he was diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease. Treatment of CAD includes either PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty) or CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting). Doctor suggested him to undergo CABG surgery. Let us know more about CABG surgery.
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the narrowing of the coronary arteries – the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. CAD is caused by a build-up of fatty material within the walls of the arteries. This build-up narrows the inside of the arteries, limiting the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
One way to treat the blocked or narrowed arteries is to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery with a piece of a healthy blood vessel from elsewhere in your body. Blood vessels, or grafts, used for the bypass procedure may be pieces of a vein from your leg or an artery in your chest. An artery from your wrist may also be used. Your doctor attaches one end of the graft above the blockage and the other end below the blockage. Blood bypasses the blockage by going through the new graft to reach the heart muscle. This is called coronary artery bypass surgery.
Traditionally, to bypass the blocked coronary artery, your doctor makes a large incision in the chest and temporarily stops the heart. To open the chest, your doctor cuts the breastbone (sternum) in half lengthwise and spreads it apart. Once the heart is exposed, your doctor inserts tubes into the heart so that the blood can be pumped through the body by a heart-lung bypass machine. The bypass machine is necessary to pump blood while the heart is stopped.
While the traditional "open heart" procedure is still commonly done and often preferred in many situations, less invasive techniques have been developed to bypass blocked coronary arteries. "Off-pump" procedures, in which the heart does not have to be stopped, were developed in the 1990's. There is also a minimally invasive procedure which we are referring to as 4 Inches cut Heart Bypass. It is a truly minimally invasive procedure where a very small incision is made generally below the left nipple. The biggest advantage of 4 inches cut heart bypass is that, no bones are cut. There is lesser bleeding, lesser pain and the recovery is also faster. There is lesser chance of infection.
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What is Leprosy?
Leprosy is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the nerves of the extremities, the skin, the lining of the nose, and the upper respiratory tract. Leprosy is also known as Hansen’s disease.
Hansen’s disease produces skin ulcers, nerve damage, and muscle weakness. If it isn’t treated, it can cause severe disfigurement and significant disability.
Hansen’s disease is one of the oldest diseases in recorded history. The first known written reference to Hansen’s disease is from around 600 B.C.
The main symptoms of Hansen’s disease include:
The skin lesions result in decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or pain. They don’t heal, even after several weeks. They’re lighter than your normal skin tone or they may be reddened from inflammation.
The bacterium Mycobacterium leprae causes Hansen’s disease. It’s thought that Hansen’s disease spreads through contact with the mucosal secretions of a person with the infection. This usually occurs when a person with Hansen’s disease sneezes or coughs.
The disease isn’t highly contagious. However, close, repeated contact with an untreated person for a longer period of time can lead to contracting Hansen’s disease.
The bacterium responsible for Hansen’s disease multiplies very slowly. The disease has an average incubation period (the time between infection and the appearance of the first symptoms) of five yearsTrusted Source, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Symptoms may not appear for as long as 20 years.
There are three systems for classifying Hansen’s disease.
The first system recognizes three types of Hansen’s disease: tuberculoid, lepromatous, and borderline. A person’s immune response to the disease determines which of these types of Hansen’s disease they have:
WHO categorizesTrusted Source the disease based on the type and number of affected skin areas:
Clinical studies use the Ridley-Jopling system. It has five classifications based on severity of symptoms.
Classification | Symptoms | Disease response |
Tuberculoid Hansen’s disease | A few flat lesions, some large and numb; some nerve involvement | Can heal on its own, persist, or may progress to a more severe form |
Borderline tuberculoid Hansen’s disease | Lesions similar to tuberculoid but more numerous; more nerve involvement | May persist, revert to tuberculoid, or advance to another form |
Mid-borderline Hansen’s disease | Reddish plaques; moderate numbness; swollen lymph nodes; more nerve involvement | May regress, persist, or progress to other forms |
Borderline lepromatous Hansen’s disease | Many lesions, including flat lesions, raised bumps, plaques, and nodules; more numbness | May persist, regress, or progress |
Lepromatous Hansen’s disease | Many lesions with bacteria; hair loss; more severe nerve involvement with peripheral nerve thickening; limb weakness; disfigurement | Doesn’t regress |
There’s also a form a Hansen’s disease called indeterminate Hansen’s disease that isn’t included in the Ridley-Jopling classification system. It’s considered to be a very early form of Hansen’s disease where a person will have only one skin lesion that’s just slightly numb to the touch.
Indeterminate Hansen’s disease may resolve or progress further to one of the five forms of Hansen’s disease within the Ridley-Jopling system.
Your doctor will conduct a physical exam to look for telltale signs and symptoms of the disease. They’ll also perform a biopsy in which they remove a small piece of skin or nerve and send it to a laboratory for testing.
Your doctor may also perform a lepromin skin test to determine the form of Hansen’s disease. They’ll inject a small amount of Hansen’s disease-causing bacterium, which has been inactivated, into the skin, typically on the upper forearm.
People who have tuberculoid or borderline tuberculoid Hansen’s disease will experience a positive result at the injection site.
WHO developed a multidrug therapyTrusted Source in 1995 to cure all types of Hansen’s disease. It’s available free of charge worldwide.
Additionally, several antibiotics treat Hansen’s disease by killing the bacteria that causes it. These antibiotics include:
Every year, World COPD Day is held to increase public awareness of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and to educate people worldwide about this respiratory disorder. A global group called GOLD- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease launched in 2002 which brings together medical professionals from many nations to organize public awareness campaigns regarding COPD, its prevention and to support better medical care and treatment outcomes for people who have already been diagnosed with the disease.
The emphasis on lifelong lung health is a part of this year's theme. We only have one set of lungs when we all are born. Keeping our lungs healthy is essential for our future health and wellbeing from childhood through maturity. This campaign will concentrate on the causes of COPD from infancy to adulthood and what can be done to encourage lifetime lung health and safeguard the vulnerable population.
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a common respiratory ailment that affects people of all ages worldwide. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common progressive lung diseases that affect the air sacs and bronchial tubes in the lungs, impairing breathing and causing lung damage. COPD is an umbrella term that refers to a variety of these conditions. The typical course of COPD is several years and in rare circumstances, it might even be a chronic condition.
In addition to causing direct lung damage, COPD also increases a person's risk of developing heart disease, angina and respiratory infections. COPD usually leads to shortness of breath and irreparable lung damage by obstructing the airways and deteriorating pulmonary cells and tissues. However, COPD symptoms can be controlled and severe lung damage can be avoided with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Causes of COPD
Symptoms
Some persons who have both COPD and asthma experience symptoms that are similar to each other since COPD is an inflammatory lung disorder. The following symptoms are usually seen:
Treatment
COPD has no known cure but with the right care, the condition can be effectively treated. The corrective actions include:
Prevention of COPD
Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.
Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body cells for use as energy.
With diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it as well as it should. When there isnt enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
There isn't a cure yet for diabetes, but losing weight, eating healthy food, and being active can really help. Other things you can do to help:
There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant).
Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction stops your body from making insulin. Approximately 5-10% of the people who have diabetes have type 1. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often develop quickly. It's usually diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults. If you have type 1 diabetes, you'll need to take insulin every day to survive. Currently, no one knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes.
With type 2 diabetes, your body doesn't use insulin well and can't keep blood sugar at normal levels. About 90-95% of people with diabetes have type 2. It develops over many years and is usually diagnosed in adults (but more and more in children, teens, and young adults). You may not notice any symptoms, so it's important to get your blood sugar tested if you're at risk. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, such as:
Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant women who have never had diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes, your baby could be at higher risk for health problems. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after your baby is born. However, it increases your risk for type 2 diabetes later in life. Your baby is more likely to have obesity as a child or teen and develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an immune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as clear as for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Known risk factors include:
Currently, no one knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes.
You're at risk for type 2 diabetes if you:
If you have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease you may also be at risk for type 2 diabetes.
You can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes with proven lifestyle changes. These include losing weight if you're overweight, eating a healthy diet, and getting regular physical activity.
If you have any of the following diabetes symptoms, see your doctor about getting your blood sugar tested:
People who have type 1 diabetes may also have nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains. Type 1 diabetes symptoms can develop in just a few weeks or months and can be severe. Type 1 diabetes usually starts when you're a child, teen, or young adult but can happen at any age.
Type 2 diabetes symptoms often take several years to develop. Some people don't notice any symptoms at all. Type 2 diabetes usually starts when you're an adult, though more and more children and teens are developing it. Because symptoms are hard to spot, it's important to know the risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Make sure to visit your doctor if you have any of them.
Yes! You can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes with proven, achievable lifestyle changes; such as losing a small amount of weight and getting more physically active even if you're at high risk. Read on to find out about lifestyle change program and how you can join.
Before developing type 2 diabetes, most people have prediabetes; their blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough yet for a diabetes diagnosis. Prediabetes is really common. The good news is that prediabetes can be reversed.
Source:
CDC
India Today
Iodine is a crucial component for maintaining human health. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) may develop if the thyroid gland is not able to operate properly. Goiters, mental impairment and even death are among the health issues IDD can cause. IDD affects millions of people each year making it a significant public health issue. The World Health Organization established October 21 as the World Iodine Deficiency Day in order to promote iodine supplementation as a successful means of preventing IDD.
What is Iodine Deficiency?
Iodine is a crucial trace element needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The growth and development of the brain depend on these chemicals. Iodine shortage can result in a variety of health issues such as cretinism, mental retardation and goitre (an enlarged thyroid gland) which is characterized by stunted physical growth and mental development.
Causes
Iodine is a crucial trace element needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Numerous crucial physiological functions, including as metabolism, growth, and development, are regulated by thyroid hormones. The most frequent worldwide cause of reversible mental impairment and brain damage is iodine deficiency. Making sure to regularly eat iodized salt is the greatest approach to avoid an iodine shortage.
Symptoms
Prevention and Treatment
• Universal salt iodization: Every nation should make sure that the iodization of salt used for human consumption is sufficient. The most successful and long-lasting method of Iodine Deficiency Disease (IDD) prevention.
• Iodine fortification of other foods: In some nations, staple foods like rice and flour may be given an iodine boost. The context and requirements of the local area should inform this strategy.
• Health education and awareness-raising: It's critical to raise understanding of iodine's role in preventing IDD and the necessity of eating foods high in iodine.
Osteoporosis literally means "porous bone." Since the condition weakens bones and increases the chance of sudden, unforeseen bone fractures. If a person has osteoporosis then the bones become weaker and light in mass. The condition frequently progresses without any warning signs or discomfort and it is typically not detected until the weakening of bones result in fractures. The majority of these involve hip, wrist, and spine fractures.
World Osteoporosis Day proposes educating people about osteoporosis and its effects which relies on five steps to osteoporosis prevention. The first step is to eat meals that are rich in calcium, vitamins, proteins, and other nutrients, maintaining body weight by engaging in at least 40 minutes of exercise daily and by avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. It also creates awareness of elements such as illnesses, genetics, medications, and menopause which are the factors for osteoporosis.
Causes
The exact cause of osteoporosis is unknown as it develops inside the living, expanding tissue which makes up the bones. Trabecular bone, which constitutes the inside of healthy bones, resembles a sponge. The cortical bone, a spongy bone, is encased in a tough outer layer of bone. Osteoporosis weakens the inside of the bone by causing the "holes" in the "sponge" to enlarge and multiply. The body breaks down and rebuilds the bone when it requires calcium. This procedure is known as bone remodeling which maintains the strength of the bones while supplying the body with the calcium it requires. After age 35, bone deterioration outpaces bone formation, resulting in a steady decrease of bone mass which usually increases after menopause.
Symptoms
Osteoporosis typically shows no symptoms. Thus it is sometimes also referred as ‘silent sickness’ for this reason. However, the following symptoms are observed:
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
The goals of osteoporosis treatment include managing pain, reducing joint deterioration, and enhancing or maintaining function and quality of life. This can be accomplished while also protecting joints from future harm by supplementing a variety of drugs and lifestyle choices.
Arthritis is the medical term for swelling or joint inflammation. It describes more than 100 ailments that have an impact on connective tissues, joints, and surrounding tissues. Depending on the type of arthritis, specific symptoms can vary, although stiffness and pain in the joints are typically present.
Types of Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the two most prevalent kinds of arthritis.
Other forms of arthritis can be brought on by infections or underlying conditions like lupus or psoriasis. Gout can be brought on by uric acid crystals, which develop when your blood uric acid level is too high.
Symptoms
Risk factors
Treatment
The goals of arthritis treatment include managing pain, reducing joint deterioration, and enhancing or maintaining function and quality of life. This can be accomplished while also protecting joints from future harm by supplementing a variety of drugs and lifestyle choices.