Constipation that keeps returning can be uncomfortable and worrying, especially when laxatives provide only temporary relief. It can also raise a question: is a colonoscopy necessary to find the cause?

Chronic constipation alone does not automatically require a colonoscopy. If there are no warning signs and appropriate colorectal cancer screening is up to date, a doctor will often begin with a clinical assessment and treatment. A colonoscopy becomes more useful when there is a reason to look for an underlying disease in the bowel.

What chronic constipation can look like

Constipation can mean hard stools, repeated straining, infrequent bowel movements or a feeling that the bowel has not emptied fully. It can occur even in someone who passes stool every day. When symptoms persist or recur over months, an assessment can help identify what is contributing to them.

Possible causes include insufficient fibre, dehydration, certain medicines, slow movement of stool through the colon and difficulty coordinating the muscles used to pass stool. Conditions such as an underactive thyroid or irritable bowel syndrome may also contribute.

What the doctor checks first

Your gastroenterologist will ask when the symptoms began, how your bowel habits have changed, what treatment you have tried and whether there is a family history of bowel cancer. A medication review, abdominal examination and, where appropriate, a rectal examination can provide useful information. Blood or stool tests are selected according to the findings.

Bring a short record of stool frequency, stool consistency, straining and any bleeding, along with your current medicines and previous reports. This helps the consultation focus on the pattern of your symptoms.

When a colonoscopy may be recommended

A colonoscopy allows the doctor to examine the lining of the colon and rectum, take tissue samples and remove suitable polyps. It may be advised when constipation occurs with findings such as:

Blood in the stool or recurrent rectal bleeding.
Unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia or unintentional weight loss.
A new, persistent change in bowel habits, particularly later in life, or other concerning findings on examination.
An abnormal stool test suggesting bleeding, or a relevant personal or family history that increases concern about colorectal disease.

Being due for colorectal cancer screening, or follow-up after previous polyps, may be a separate reason for colonoscopy. The decision depends on age, risk, earlier test results and local recommendations. Constipation does not establish a diagnosis of cancer.

When constipation needs a different type of test

A normal colonoscopy can be reassuring, but it does not measure every aspect of bowel function. If symptoms continue despite an adequate treatment trial, the next step may be to assess how stool moves or how the muscles work during evacuation.

Anorectal manometry and a balloon-expulsion test can assess muscle coordination and the ability to pass stool. A colonic transit study helps assess how quickly stool moves through the large bowel. Persistent constipation therefore calls for a review of the cause, rather than automatically repeating colonoscopy.

Symptoms that need urgent attention

Severe or worsening abdominal pain, vomiting, marked abdominal swelling or an inability to pass gas need urgent medical assessment. Do not wait for a routine colonoscopy appointment when these symptoms develop.

If a colonoscopy is advised

The bowel needs to be thoroughly cleaned so the doctor can see its lining. Follow the prescribed diet and laxative schedule, and tell the team about longstanding constipation, previous difficulty with bowel preparation and all your medicines. Contact the unit if you cannot complete the preparation; do not add extra doses yourself.

Frequently asked questions

Does needing laxatives mean I need a colonoscopy?
No. The decision depends on warning signs, your examination and screening history, not simply on laxative use. Ongoing symptoms deserve a treatment review.

Will a colonoscopy cure constipation?
Colonoscopy mainly helps identify problems in the bowel lining. Treatment still needs to address the cause of constipation, which may involve medicines, diet or therapy for a muscle-coordination problem.

Gastroenterology consultation in Kolkata

For persistent constipation, consult the Gastroenterology Department at B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore, Kolkata. An individual assessment can help determine whether you need colonoscopy, another investigation or a change in treatment.

Preparing for an endoscopy involves more than skipping breakfast. Knowing when to stop eating and drinking, which medicines need review and whether you need someone to accompany you helps the procedure go ahead safely.

This guide covers upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, also called gastroscopy or OGD, in adults. It examines the food pipe, stomach and first part of the small intestine. Colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy and other procedures have different preparation requirements.

Why an empty stomach matters

Food remaining in the stomach can obscure the lining and make the examination difficult. During sedation, stomach contents can also come back up and enter the lungs, a complication called aspiration. Following the fasting instructions helps reduce these risks.

Your endoscopy team’s written instructions take priority over general advice. Check whether the fasting deadline is calculated from your arrival time or the expected procedure time, and call the unit if anything is unclear.

What to eat and drink before the test

Many services ask patients to avoid solid food for at least six to eight hours before an upper endoscopy. Some allow small sips of water until two hours beforehand, while others require a longer period without any intake. Use the schedule given for your appointment.

Food or drink	Preparation guidance
Solid meals and snacks	Finish eating before your stated food deadline. A light meal beforehand may be easier to plan than a heavy or fried meal, which can take longer to leave the stomach.
Water and clear drinks	Drink only what your unit permits, and only until its stated deadline. Some protocols allow water or plain tea and coffee without milk; permission varies between units.
Milk and thick drinks	Milk tea, coffee with milk, lassi, smoothies and juice with pulp are not clear fluids. Do not assume they are allowed during the period when water is permitted.

The food and drink categories above are general guidance; your unit may give stricter instructions. Once your fluid deadline has passed, do not eat or drink unless the clinical team has specifically authorised medicine with a sip of water.

Medicines that need advance planning

Share a complete list of prescription medicines, over-the-counter products and supplements. Ask specifically about blood thinners and antiplatelet medicines, insulin, other diabetes medicines and acid-suppressing treatment. Some can be continued, while others require an individual plan. Do not stop prescribed treatment or change doses yourself.

Tell the team if you take semaglutide or similar medicines for diabetes or weight management. These can delay stomach emptying. Preparation may need changing according to your dose, recent dose increases and symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or bloating. There is no single stopping rule that applies to everyone.

If you have diabetes, ask how to monitor your glucose while fasting and what to do if it falls too low. Also mention allergies, pregnancy, sleep apnoea and any previous problem with sedation.

What to avoid and arrange beforehand

Avoid alcohol before the procedure and follow the unit’s instructions about smoking, chewing gum and sweets during fasting.
If you eat or drink after the deadline, tell the team what you had and when. They may need to delay the examination for safety.
If sedation is planned, arrange for a responsible adult to take you home and stay with you afterwards. Do not plan to drive, operate machinery or make important decisions for 24 hours after sedation.

Frequently asked questions

Can I drink water on the morning of the test?
Only within the window your endoscopy unit permits. A general “two-hour rule” should never replace the instructions for your own appointment.

Do I need laxatives before an upper endoscopy?
Routine upper endoscopy usually requires fasting rather than a bowel-cleansing laxative. If a colonoscopy is also planned, you will need separate bowel preparation.

When can I eat afterwards?
Wait until the team says it is safe. If throat spray was used, the numbness must wear off and swallowing must be safe before food or drink.

Endoscopy at B P Poddar Hospital

For endoscopy in Kolkata, contact the Gastroenterology Department at B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore. Confirm your fasting schedule, medicine plan and arrangements for sedation with the team before the appointment. A young age and an active routine can make a heart attack seem unlikely. Yet younger adults can develop coronary artery disease, and chest discomfort may be dismissed as acidity, stress or muscle strain. Knowing your risk factors and recognising concerning symptoms can help prevent a dangerous delay in treatment.

Research presented by the American College of Cardiology in 2019 found a growing proportion of patients aged 40 or younger within a US group of heart attack patients under 50, treated between 2000 and 2016. This finding does not establish a current rate for India, but it supports taking heart health seriously well before middle age.

Why younger adults can be at risk

A heart attack occurs when the heart muscle is damaged because its blood supply is severely reduced or interrupted. A common cause is a clot forming over a disrupted plaque in a coronary artery. Risk can build up over years, even when a person feels healthy.

Smoking and tobacco use damage blood vessels and increase cardiovascular risk. Occasional smoking should not be treated as harmless.
High blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes may be present without obvious symptoms. When unrecognised or poorly controlled, they can contribute to early heart disease.
Family history matters. A parent or sibling who developed heart disease at a young age is a reason to discuss earlier risk assessment. Inherited high cholesterol can affect people who are lean and physically active.
Prolonged inactivity, excess weight and an unhealthy diet can worsen blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. Regular exercise helps, but cannot remove every other risk factor. ^[12]
Insufficient sleep and ongoing stress can affect heart health and make healthy routines harder to maintain. Addressing them belongs alongside treatment of established medical risks. ^[8]

Warning signs you should recognise

Heart attack symptoms can begin suddenly or develop gradually. Warning signs include:

Pressure, tightness, heaviness or pain in the chest.
Pain or discomfort spreading to the arm, shoulder, jaw, neck, back or upper abdomen.
Unexpected breathlessness, cold sweating, nausea or vomiting.
Sudden dizziness, faintness or marked unexplained weakness.

Do not wait for all these symptoms to appear together. Severe chest pain is not always present. Chest discomfort remains the most common symptom in both women and men, but women may also experience nausea, breathlessness or unusual tiredness. Being young should never be the reason for dismissing these symptoms.

What to do if a heart attack is suspected

Stop what you are doing and call emergency services for an ambulance. Do not drive yourself or continue exercising to see whether the discomfort passes. Follow the emergency dispatcher’s instructions and avoid delaying help while trying antacids or other home remedies. Prompt treatment can limit damage to the heart muscle.

Reduce risk before symptoms appear

Start by knowing your blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar. Discuss how often to check them with a doctor, particularly if you smoke, have diabetes or have a family history of early heart disease. An assessment should reflect your individual risk; it does not mean that every healthy young adult needs an angiogram or a treadmill test.

Build regular physical activity into your week and take breaks from long periods of sitting. Choose vegetables, fruit, pulses, whole grains and suitable protein sources more often, while limiting excess salt, sugary drinks and foods high in saturated fat. Avoid tobacco, aim for a healthy weight and take prescribed medicines consistently.

Frequently asked questions

Can a fit person have a heart attack?
Yes. Fitness is beneficial, but appearance and exercise habits cannot reveal every underlying risk, including inherited cholesterol problems or undiagnosed diabetes.

Should I wait until I am older to check my heart health?
No. Discuss your risk factors during routine medical care. The timing and type of tests should depend on your history and symptoms.

Plan a cardiac consultation

If you are seeking a cardiology hospital in Kolkata for a preventive consultation or assessment of recurring symptoms, contact B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore. Our Cardiology Department can help assess your risk and guide further care. For suspected heart attack symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately.

A familiar flight of stairs suddenly leaves you breathless. Your chest feels heavy during a walk, but the discomfort settles when you stop. These changes can have several causes, yet they deserve attention when they are new, recurring or getting worse.

Recognising possible symptoms of reduced blood flow to the heart can help you seek assessment promptly. Some people, however, have no warning symptoms before a heart attack. Feeling well does not always mean that the coronary arteries are healthy.

What heart blockage means

In everyday language, “heart blockage” usually means narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. Fatty deposits called plaque can build up in their walls and restrict blood flow. If a plaque ruptures and a clot forms, the blood supply may suddenly fall enough to cause a heart attack.

This differs from electrical heart block, a condition in which the signals controlling the heartbeat are delayed or interrupted. The two conditions require different assessments and treatment.

Symptoms that deserve attention

Chest pressure or heaviness. A squeezing, tight or heavy sensation may appear during walking, climbing stairs or emotional stress. Discomfort that improves with rest still needs medical assessment.
Breathlessness during familiar activities. Becoming unusually short of breath while doing tasks you previously managed comfortably can be a warning sign, with or without chest discomfort.
Discomfort beyond the chest. Heart-related pain can be felt in one or both arms, the shoulders, jaw, neck or back. It is not always confined to the left side.
An unexplained drop in stamina. Persistent, unusual tiredness or difficulty keeping up with your normal routine warrants a discussion with a doctor, particularly when accompanied by breathlessness or chest discomfort.

Fatigue and breathlessness also occur with many other conditions. Symptoms alone cannot confirm a blockage or show how severe it is. A doctor needs to consider the pattern, your health history and appropriate test results.

When to seek emergency care

New or severe chest discomfort, symptoms at rest, or discomfort that persists or keeps returning may indicate a heart attack. Cold sweating, nausea, faintness or sudden breathlessness make the situation especially concerning. A heart attack can also occur without prominent chest pain.

If you suspect a heart attack, call emergency services immediately and request an ambulance. Do not drive yourself, wait for an OPD appointment or delay care while trying home remedies for acidity. You do not need to be certain of the diagnosis before seeking help.

How a cardiologist assesses possible blockage

Assessment starts with your symptoms, blood pressure, medical history and family history. Smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure help determine your risk. Depending on the findings, tests may include an ECG, blood tests, a stress test, coronary CT angiography or invasive coronary angiography. Not everyone needs every test.

When a heart attack is suspected, urgent assessment usually includes an ECG and blood tests such as troponin. These blood tests may need repeating to detect changes over time.

Treatment depends on the individual

A diagnosed blockage does not automatically mean that a stent or bypass surgery is needed. Treatment may involve medicines and changes to smoking, diet, activity and other risk factors. Angioplasty with a stent or coronary bypass surgery may be advised according to symptoms, the affected arteries and the clinical situation.

Frequently asked questions

Can heart blockage be present without chest pain?
Yes. Some people have breathlessness or other symptoms, while others have no noticeable symptoms. Risk assessment remains useful even when you feel well.

Can diet and exercise replace treatment?
Healthy habits support treatment and help reduce future risk. They should not replace prescribed medicines or a recommended procedure.

Cardiac assessment at B P Poddar Hospital

For recurring symptoms or a review of your cardiac risk, consult the Cardiology Department at B. P. Poddar Hospital, New Alipore, Kolkata. An individual assessment can guide the next steps in diagnosis and care. Symptoms suggesting a heart attack require immediate emergency treatment.

Introduction

Our breathing is only possible through the functioning of our lungs. Our lungs help us breathe oxygen, but also assist in our routine tasks like walking, exercising, or speaking.

When we talk of lung health, we tend to think about smoking as the first risk factor. Although this is certainly true, lung health is affected by many other factors apart from exposure to smoke. The pollution of air, respiratory diseases, allergens, and occupational hazards may also affect our lungs.

World Lung Day 2026 offers us the chance to move out of the one-factor approach towards the recognition of the importance of our lungs.

Why Lung Health Matters

Lungs play a key role in the respiratory system. This organ brings oxygen to the body and also helps eliminate carbon dioxide through exhalation. Healthy lungs enable the body to get the oxygen it requires.

When the functioning of the lungs is hampered, the individual may exhibit symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, or inability to engage in strenuous activities. The onset of some respiratory illnesses may be gradual; thus, one should not overlook any breathing changes.

It is therefore vital to take care of one's lungs to ensure overall good health.

Lung Health Is More Than Just Smoking

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for several lung and respiratory conditions. However, people who do not smoke can also experience lung-related health problems.

Air Pollution

Outdoor and indoor air pollution can expose the respiratory system to harmful particles and irritants. Traffic emissions, industrial pollution, smoke and other pollutants can affect air quality and may contribute to respiratory problems.

Reducing exposure to polluted air whenever possible and paying attention to local air-quality conditions can support better respiratory health.

Respiratory Infections

Viruses, bacteria and other infectious agents can affect the respiratory system. Some infections may cause temporary symptoms, while others can lead to more serious complications, particularly in vulnerable individuals.

Good respiratory hygiene, appropriate vaccination as advised by healthcare professionals and timely medical attention for concerning symptoms can help reduce health risks.

Allergens

Dust, pollen, mould, animal dander and other allergens can trigger respiratory symptoms in susceptible individuals. Allergic reactions may lead to coughing, sneezing, wheezing or breathing difficulties.

Identifying personal triggers and reducing exposure can be helpful for people who experience allergy-related respiratory symptoms.

Occupational Exposure

Certain workplaces may expose people to dust, fumes, chemicals or other substances that can affect respiratory health. Construction, manufacturing, mining, agriculture and some industrial occupations may involve such exposures.

Using appropriate protective equipment and following workplace safety measures can help reduce unnecessary exposure.

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

Our everyday environment can also influence respiratory well-being. Exposure to tobacco smoke, indoor pollutants and other irritants may place additional stress on the respiratory system.

Creating cleaner indoor spaces, avoiding second-hand smoke and maintaining an active lifestyle can form part of a broader approach to healthy living.

Signs That Should Not Be Ignored

Changes in breathing should not always be dismissed as temporary or insignificant. Depending on the cause, symptoms may include:

Persistent or recurring cough
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Chest discomfort
Difficulty breathing during usual activities
Recurrent respiratory infections
Unexplained reduction in exercise tolerance

Persistent, worsening or concerning symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional rather than self-diagnosed.

How Can You Protect Your Lung Health?

Protecting your lungs does not require a single action. Small, consistent steps can contribute to healthier respiratory habits.

Avoid tobacco smoke: Do not smoke, and avoid exposure to second-hand smoke whenever possible.

Be aware of air quality: Limit exposure to heavily polluted environments when practical and follow appropriate precautions.

Protect yourself at work: If your occupation involves dust, fumes or chemicals, use recommended protective equipment and follow workplace safety guidelines.

Manage allergies: Identify known triggers and follow medical advice if allergies regularly affect your breathing.

Stay physically active: Regular physical activity supports overall cardiovascular and respiratory fitness, when appropriate for your health.

Pay attention to symptoms: Do not ignore persistent coughing, breathlessness or other changes in breathing.

Seek medical advice when needed: Early assessment can help identify the possible cause of persistent respiratory symptoms and guide appropriate care.

Make Every Breath Count

Lung health is not only a concern for people who smoke. The air we breathe, the environments we work and live in, infections, allergens and several other factors can influence respiratory health.

This World Lung Day 2026, let’s broaden the conversation around lung health and recognise the many factors that can affect our ability to breathe well.

Know your risks. Protect your lungs. Take care of every breath.

At B. P. Poddar Hospital& Medical Research Ltd., we believe that awareness is an important step towards better health.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most difficult types of gynaecological cancers as its symptoms may be hard to identify and may mimic typical digestive system issues or bladder infections. Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is a great opportunity to educate people on symptoms and risk factors of ovarian cancer.

Awareness of your body and changes in it may be helpful for seeking medical advice earlier.

What Is Ovarian Cancer?

It is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within or near the ovaries that results in ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer can affect other organs such as the fallopian tubes and abdominal lining in which case the cancers can be managed in a similar way depending on their nature.

Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system whose main function is to produce eggs and hormones. Even though ovarian cancer can be diagnosed among women of various ages, it is common among women who have already undergone menopause.

Why Is Ovarian Cancer Difficult to Detect Early?

One of the biggest problems with ovarian cancer is that there are often no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. In some cases, when symptoms do arise, they can be misinterpreted as ordinary problems with either the gastrointestinal tract or urinary system.

At present, there are no accepted recommendations regarding any screening for ovarian cancer in women at average risk and who are asymptomatic. Procedures such as the transvaginal ultrasound scan and CA-125 blood test are valuable in certain clinical scenarios, but are unreliable as screening tools for average-risk women.

This emphasizes the importance of being aware of the symptoms.

Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer

The signs of ovarian cancer can often go unnoticed, especially if they occur on a rare occasion. Nevertheless, they cannot be taken lightly.

They include:

Bloating or distension
Pain in the pelvis or lower abdomen
Saturation after meals
Loss of appetite
Having to urinate frequently or urgently
Unusual changes in bowels habits
Digestive disorders such as constipation
Unexpected weight loss or gain
Feeling of fullness in the abdomen or pelvis

There are many causes for these symptoms which are unrelated to cancer. If the above symptoms persist, become frequent, or are out of your norm, visit a specialist.

Who May Be at Higher Risk of Ovarian Cancer?

Having a risk factor does not mean that a woman will develop ovarian cancer. However, knowing your individual risk can help you and your doctor make informed decisions.

Some factors associated with increased ovarian cancer risk include:

Family History

Having a close family member with ovarian cancer or certain other cancers may increase the risk. A strong family history should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Inherited Gene Changes

Inherited changes in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Lynch syndrome is another inherited condition associated with increased risk. Genetic counselling and testing may be considered for women with relevant personal or family histories.

Age

The risk of ovarian cancer generally increases with age, and the disease is more commonly diagnosed after menopause.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis has been associated with an increased risk of certain types of ovarian cancer.

Other factors, including reproductive history, certain hormone therapies, excess body weight and other individual health factors, may also influence risk. Your doctor can help assess your overall risk rather than focusing on a single factor.

How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?

If ovarian cancer is suspected, the doctor may begin with a detailed medical and family history and a physical or pelvic examination.

Depending on the symptoms and clinical findings, further investigations may include:

Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT or MRI
Blood tests, including tumour markers when appropriate
Genetic counselling and genetic testing for selected patients
Biopsy or surgery to examine tissue and confirm the diagnosis

The exact tests required depend on the individual patient's symptoms and clinical situation.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

The treatment for ovarian cancer depends upon a number of factors, including the type and staging of the disease along with the general health of the patient and particular aspects of the tumour.

The following treatments are included in the treatment of ovarian cancer:

Surgery for the removal of cancerous tissue or other reproductive tissues where needed
Chemotherapy for killing or managing the cancer cells
Targeted therapy for treating cancers that have particular molecular characteristics
Hormonal therapy for a few cases of ovarian cancer
Many other advanced forms of treatment based on the patient’s situation

The treatment of the patient can be managed by a multidisciplinary team of cancer-care professionals.

Can Ovarian Cancer Be Prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent ovarian cancer. However, understanding personal risk factors and discussing them with a healthcare professional can be important, particularly for women with a strong family history or inherited genetic risk.

For women with certain high-risk genetic conditions, doctors may discuss risk-reducing strategies, including preventive surgery in appropriate cases. Such decisions require individual assessment and specialist counselling.

Healthy lifestyle choices, regular healthcare consultations and awareness of changes in your body can also contribute to better overall health.

Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month 2026: Listen to Your Body

Ovarian cancer does not always announce itself with a clear warning. Sometimes, the signs may seem ordinary—a bloated abdomen, persistent pelvic discomfort, changes in appetite or frequent urination.

But when a symptom is persistent, unusual or keeps returning, it deserves attention.

This Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month 2026, take a moment to understand your risk, know the symptoms and encourage the women around you to prioritise their health. Early attention to concerning symptoms can help doctors investigate the cause and, when cancer is present, support timely diagnosis and treatment.

Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital for you and your loved ones.Blood cancer is a class of cancer which starts within the tissue that produces the blood such as bone marrow or cells of the immune system. As opposed to most forms of cancer, blood cancer does not form a solid tumor and impacts the ability of the blood cell production and functions. There are three types of blood cancer, namely leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is an occasion to familiarize oneself with the disease, learn about the symptoms and the importance of seeking timely medical assistance. It should be noted that blood cancer can occur among patients of all age groups, with symptoms similar to the symptoms of other diseases.

Blood cancer, also referred to as hematologic cancer, develops from the tissues that produce blood or the cells in the immune system. The common forms include:

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

Each one is unique and needs a unique treatment strategy.

Bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In cases where abnormal blood cells proliferate or malfunction, they may affect the ability of the body to produce normal blood cells.

Understanding the Major Types of Blood Cancer

Leukemia

Leukemia is the cancer that involves the tissues involved in the formation of blood, especially the bone marrow. This cancer leads to the development of unusual blood cells, leading to crowding of normal blood cells.

There are several categories of leukemia depending on the rate of its development and blood cells affected. Some of these types are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Various symptoms can be experienced depending on the type of leukemia; they include fatigue, infections, fever and easy bruising among others.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma develops in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune system. The two broad categories are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Possible symptoms can include:

Swollen lymph nodes
Persistent or unexplained fever
Night sweats
Unexplained weight loss
Ongoing fatigue
Itching or skin changes
Unexplained pain in certain parts of the body

These symptoms do not necessarily indicate lymphoma and can occur with several other conditions. Persistent symptoms should therefore be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which are immune cells that normally produce antibodies. Abnormal plasma cells can accumulate in the bone marrow and affect healthy blood-cell production. They can also damage bones and affect other organs, including the kidneys.

Possible symptoms include:

Bone pain, particularly in the back or ribs
Frequent infections
Persistent tiredness
Easy bruising or bleeding
Weakness
Shortness of breath
Bones that fracture more easily

Not everyone with multiple myeloma experiences symptoms initially, and some cases may be discovered during investigations performed for another reason.

Common Warning Signs of Blood Cancer

There is no single symptom that confirms blood cancer. However, certain symptoms that are persistent, unexplained or occurring together may require medical attention.

Some possible warning signs include:

Persistent fatigue

Unusual or continuing tiredness may occur when blood cancer affects normal red blood-cell production.

Frequent infections

Changes in healthy white blood cells can affect the body's ability to fight infections.

Unexplained fever

Repeated or persistent fever without an obvious cause should be medically evaluated.

Easy bruising or bleeding

A reduction or abnormality in platelets can sometimes lead to unusual bruising or bleeding.

Unexplained weight loss

Unexpected weight loss can be associated with several health conditions, including some cancers.

Swollen lymph nodes

Persistent, painless swelling in areas such as the neck, underarms or groin can occur with lymphoma and other conditions.

Bone pain

Bone or back pain may occur in certain blood cancers, particularly multiple myeloma.

Importantly, these symptoms can also result from non-cancerous conditions. Experiencing one or more of them does not mean that a person has blood cancer. However, symptoms that persist or worsen should be discussed with a doctor.

How Is Blood Cancer Diagnosed?

Diagnosis depends on the suspected type of blood cancer and the symptoms involved. Doctors may recommend a combination of tests rather than relying on a single investigation.

Common diagnostic approaches may include:

Complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests
Peripheral blood examination
Bone marrow examination
Lymph node biopsy
Imaging investigations
Flow cytometry
Cytogenetic and molecular tests
Other specialised laboratory investigations

The exact tests depend on whether leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma or another hematologic disorder is suspected.

A detailed diagnosis is important because different blood cancers can have very different biological characteristics and treatment requirements.

What Are the Treatment Options for Blood Cancer?

Treatment for blood cancer is individualised according to the specific cancer, its subtype, stage or extent, molecular characteristics, the patient's overall health and other clinical factors.

Depending on the condition, treatment may include:

Chemotherapy –Medicines are used to destroy or control cancer cells and may form an important part of treatment for several blood cancers.

Targeted Therapy –Targeted medicines are designed to act on specific characteristics or molecular changes associated with cancer cells.

Immunotherapy –Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognise and fight cancer cells. Certain immunotherapies are used for specific types of blood cancer.

Radiation Therapy –Radiation therapy may be used in selected blood cancers depending on the disease and clinical situation.

Stem Cell Transplant –For selected patients, a blood stem cell transplant may be considered as part of treatment. It can help restore blood-forming stem cells after intensive therapy.

Treatment is often multidisciplinary and may involve medical oncologists, hematologists, radiation specialists, pathologists, transplant specialists, nurses and supportive-care teams.

Can Blood Cancer Be Prevented?

Unlike many other cancers that have well-established ways of preventing through certain lifestyle modifications, it is difficult to prevent some blood cancers.

There are differences in risk factors from one disease to another. While some blood cancers have risk factors like age, mutations in the DNA, treatment for other illnesses or particular immune-related conditions, the cause of many blood cancers remains unknown.

Thus, instead of trying out ways of preventing that lack scientific backing, it is essential to know about the risk factors and consult a doctor in case of suspicious symptoms.

Why Timely Medical Evaluation Matters

Many symptoms associated with blood cancer can initially appear similar to common infections, nutritional deficiencies or other medical conditions. This can sometimes make people delay seeking medical advice.

However, persistent symptoms should not simply be attributed to stress, ageing or a temporary illness.

A doctor may recommend a simple blood test or other investigations based on the symptoms and clinical history. If an abnormality is identified, further evaluation can help determine its cause.

Awareness does not mean assuming the worst. It means knowing when to seek the right medical advice.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026: A Reminder to Stay Informed

Blood cancer is not one single disease. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma are distinct conditions, each with different biological characteristics, symptoms and treatment approaches.

Blood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 is an opportunity to replace uncertainty with knowledge.

Pay attention to persistent changes in your health. Do not ignore unexplained symptoms, and consult our qualified healthcare professional when something does not feel right. Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital for you or your loved ones.

Because awareness is the first step towards understanding—and understanding can lead to timely care.Childhood Cancer Awareness Month 2026 provides an important occasion to focus public attention on cancers occurring in children and adolescents, identify symptoms of cancer, encourage early diagnosis, and underscore the significant progress made in childhood cancer treatments.

Childhood cancer is rare in comparison with cancer in adults. However, this type of cancer is still one of the most serious health problems. The World Health Organization states that there are 400,000 new cancer cases among children and adolescents in the age group 0–19 every year. The latest IARC figures show that 275,000 children and young individuals up to 19 have been diagnosed with cancer in 2024.

It is necessary to remember that childhood cancer is not a single disease. This cancer comprises a wide range of cancers which may arise in the blood, brain, bones, lymphatic system and other body parts. With proper diagnosis, targeted treatment and appropriate care, many childhood cancers may be cured.

What Is Childhood Cancer?

Childhood cancer is defined as cancer that arises during childhood and the teenage years. Childhood cancer differs from cancer in adults in that it does not have much correlation with lifestyle and exposure.

Cancer results when there are unusual changes in cells that cause the uncontrolled multiplication of cells. Unusual cells may result in tumours or may affect the functioning of organs.

The biology of childhood cancer is quite distinct from that of adult cancer. Consequently, a child will need to undergo a special form of evaluation and treatment suited for his/her age, type of cancer, development and health conditions.

How Common Is Childhood Cancer?

Though childhood cancer is relatively uncommon, its effects on the patient as well as family could be tremendous. According to the World Health Organization, about 400,000 children and teenagers between the age of 0-19 suffer from cancer each year globally. The survival rate is highly different for diverse areas; over 80% in those with advanced services for treating childhood cancers and under 30% in developing nations owing to late diagnosis and poor access to specialized treatment. According to IARC, over 94% of childhood cancer deaths take place in Africa, Asia, South America and the Caribbean.

What Are the Most Common Childhood Cancers?

Childhood cancers differ from cancers commonly seen in adults. Some of the major types include:

Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, particularly the bone marrow. It is among the most common cancers affecting children. Common forms include:

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Symptoms may include persistent fever, frequent infections, tiredness, pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding and bone or joint pain.

Brain and Central Nervous System Tumours

Brain and other central nervous system tumours are among the most common solid cancers in children.

Depending on the location and size of the tumour, symptoms may include:

Persistent or worsening headaches
Repeated vomiting, particularly in the morning
Seizures
Problems with balance or coordination
Changes in vision
Behavioural or personality changes
Weakness in an arm or leg

Lymphoma

Lymphoma develops in the lymphatic system and includes Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Possible symptoms include painless swelling of lymph nodes, persistent fever, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fatigue or abdominal swelling.

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells and is most commonly diagnosed in young children. It may develop in the abdomen, chest or other areas and can cause a lump or swelling, abdominal discomfort, bone pain, weakness or unexplained weight loss.

Wilms Tumour

Wilms tumour is a type of kidney cancer that primarily affects young children. A painless abdominal swelling or lump may sometimes be the first noticeable sign. Other symptoms can include abdominal pain, blood in the urine, fever or changes in appetite.

Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina and primarily occurs in young children. One of the important warning signs is an unusual white reflection in the pupil, particularly visible in photographs taken with a flash. Eye misalignment or changes in vision may also occur.

Bone and Soft-Tissue Cancers

Cancers such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma can affect the bones, while soft-tissue sarcomas develop in muscles, connective tissues and other soft tissues.

Persistent bone pain, swelling, a growing lump or unexplained difficulty in movement should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

The major childhood cancer groups include leukemia, brain and central nervous system tumours, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour, retinoblastoma and bone and soft-tissue cancers.

What Causes Childhood Cancer?

In most cases, the exact cause of childhood cancer is not known.

Unlike several adult cancers, most childhood cancers cannot be directly linked to lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption or obesity.

Research suggests that genetic changes within cells play an important role in the development of childhood cancers. A relatively small proportion of children with cancer have an inherited genetic predisposition. WHO estimates that approximately 10% of childhood cancers may be associated with genetic predisposition.

Certain infections can also contribute to the risk of particular childhood cancers. However, for most children diagnosed with cancer, there is no single identifiable cause.

This is why parents should not assume that something they did or did not do caused their child's cancer.

Recognising the Warning Signs of Childhood Cancer

Childhood cancer can sometimes resemble common childhood illnesses. This can make recognition challenging.

Parents and caregivers should seek medical advice if a symptom is persistent, unexplained, recurrent or progressively worsening.

Potential warning signs include:

Persistent or unexplained fever
Unusual tiredness or weakness
Unexplained weight loss
Persistent headaches
Repeated vomiting
Bone or joint pain
Unusual lumps or swelling
Enlarged lymph nodes that persist
Easy bruising or unexplained bleeding
Frequent or prolonged infections
Changes in vision
A white reflection in the eye
Abdominal swelling or a persistent abdominal lump
Difficulty walking, balancing or moving normally
Seizures without a known cause

These symptoms do not necessarily mean that a child has cancer. Many are caused by common childhood conditions. However, persistent or unusual symptoms deserve appropriate medical evaluation.

WHO specifically identifies symptoms such as fever, severe or persistent headaches, bone pain and weight loss among warning signs that can help support earlier recognition.

How Is Childhood Cancer Diagnosed?

There is no single test that can diagnose every type of childhood cancer. The diagnostic approach depends on the symptoms and suspected cancer.

Doctors may begin with:

Medical History and Physical Examination

The doctor evaluates the child's symptoms, medical history, family history, growth, general health and physical findings.

Blood and Laboratory Tests

Blood tests can provide important information about blood cell counts, organ function and other abnormalities. In suspected leukemia, for example, blood tests may provide important clues.

Imaging Tests

Depending on the suspected cancer, imaging may include:

Ultrasound
X-ray
CT scan
MRI
PET-CT in selected situations
Other specialised imaging investigations

These tests help identify tumours, determine their location and assess whether the disease may have spread.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves obtaining a sample of abnormal tissue for examination under a microscope. In many cancers, pathology is essential for confirming the diagnosis and identifying the exact cancer type.

NCI notes that there is no single diagnostic test for cancer and that evaluation may involve medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging and biopsy depending on the clinical situation.

Bone Marrow Examination

For suspected blood cancers such as leukemia, doctors may recommend a bone marrow examination to assess abnormal blood-forming cells.

Molecular and Genetic Testing

Modern paediatric oncology increasingly uses molecular and genetic testing to understand the biological characteristics of a tumour. These tests can sometimes help doctors identify specific alterations that may influence treatment decisions.

How Is Childhood Cancer Treated?

Treatment depends on several factors, including:

Type of cancer
Location of the tumour
Stage or extent of disease
Child's age
Overall health
Biological and molecular characteristics of the cancer
Whether the cancer has spread

Treatment may involve one or a combination of the following.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines to destroy cancer cells or stop them from multiplying. It plays an important role in treating several childhood cancers, particularly leukemia and lymphoma, and may also be used before or after surgery for certain solid tumours.

Surgery

Surgery may be used to remove a tumour when it can be safely and effectively removed.

The surgical approach depends on the tumour's location, size, relationship with surrounding structures and the child's overall treatment plan.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses precisely targeted radiation to destroy cancer cells.

It may be recommended for certain brain tumours, solid tumours and other cancers. Modern radiation techniques aim to deliver treatment accurately while reducing unnecessary exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.

Targeted Therapy

Some childhood cancers contain specific molecular alterations that can be targeted with specialised medicines.

Targeted treatments work differently from traditional chemotherapy and may be appropriate only for children whose cancers have particular biological characteristics.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. Certain immunotherapies are now part of treatment for selected childhood cancers.

Supportive Care During Childhood Cancer Treatment

Cancer treatment can affect a child's physical and emotional well-being. Supportive care is therefore an essential part of treatment.

It may include:

Management of pain and treatment-related side effects
Nutritional support
Infection prevention and management
Blood and platelet support when required
Psychological counselling
Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
Support with school and education
Emotional support for parents and siblings

Paediatric palliative care is also an important component of comprehensive cancer care. It focuses on relieving symptoms, reducing suffering and improving quality of life, whether or not treatment is being given with curative intent.

Childhood Cancer: Treatment Doesn't End With the Last Dose

Completing cancer treatment is an important milestone, but follow-up care remains essential.

Childhood cancer survivors may need regular monitoring for:

Cancer recurrence
Growth and development
Organ function
Nutrition
Learning and cognitive development
Emotional and psychological health
Potential late effects of treatment

Survivorship care allows healthcare teams to monitor the child's health over the long term and address complications that may emerge after treatment.

Childhood Cancer Can Be Curable

A diagnosis of cancer can be frightening for any family, particularly when the patient is a child. However, childhood cancer treatment has progressed significantly.

According to WHO, more than 80% of children with cancer can be cured in countries where comprehensive childhood cancer services are accessible.

The challenge is ensuring that children everywhere have access to the same opportunities for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment and supportive care.

WHO's Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer aims to achieve at least

60% survival for children with cancer worldwide by 2030.

Childhood Cancer Awareness Month 2026: Why Awareness Matters

Childhood Cancer Awareness Month is about more than raising awareness about cancer. It is about understanding the power of early detection and specialized treatment in changing lives.

Awareness can enable parents to identify signs of the disease earlier. This can help to ensure that they take medical help on time. Awareness can also enable families to understand that children’s cancer is curable and that specialized care can indeed help a lot.

In Childhood Cancer Awareness Month 2026, let us strive for a world where all children suffering from cancer have access to accurate diagnosis, specialized treatment and a chance at leading a healthy life in adulthood.

When Should Parents Consult a Doctor?

Parents should consult a paediatrician or appropriate specialist if a child develops an unexplained symptom that persists, repeatedly returns or becomes progressively worse.

Do not panic at every symptom—but do not ignore persistent or unusual changes either. Contact B. P. Poddar Cancer Hospital

Early medical evaluation does not mean that a child has cancer. It simply helps doctors identify the actual cause and provide appropriate care without unnecessary delay.

Every pregnancy requires appropriate antenatal care, but some pregnancies need closer observation and specialised medical support. Doctors use the term “high-risk pregnancy” when the mother, the baby or both have a greater likelihood of developing complications during pregnancy, labour or delivery.

Being classified as high-risk does not mean that a serious complication will definitely occur. It means the pregnancy may benefit from additional monitoring, specialist involvement and carefully planned delivery.

What Can Make a Pregnancy High-Risk?

Existing Medical Conditions

Certain illnesses require careful management before and throughout pregnancy, including:

High blood pressure
Diabetes
Heart or kidney disease
Thyroid disorders
Autoimmune conditions
Blood-clotting disorders
Epilepsy
Severe anaemia
Certain infections

Women taking long-term medicines should consult their doctor before conception or as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Medication should never be stopped or altered without medical advice.

Previous Pregnancy Complications

Closer monitoring may be advised when there is a history of recurrent miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature delivery, stillbirth, placental complications, severe bleeding, restricted foetal growth or a complicated caesarean delivery.
A previous complication does not mean it will necessarily recur, but it helps the obstetric team plan appropriate surveillance.

Multiple Pregnancy

Twin or higher-order multiple pregnancies are associated with a greater possibility of preterm birth, high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, anaemia and differences in foetal growth. They usually require more frequent ultrasound assessment and specialist monitoring.

Maternal Age and General Health

Pregnancy at 35 years or above is one factor that may increase the likelihood of certain maternal, foetal and neonatal complications. Teen pregnancy may also need additional support. Other considerations include obesity or significantly low body weight, smoking or alcohol use, poor nutrition, a short interval between pregnancies, limited antenatal care and significant mental-health concerns.
Risk is assessed individually rather than from any single factor alone.

Conditions That Can Develop During Pregnancy

A pregnancy that begins without known risk factors may become high-risk if a complication develops. Examples include:

Gestational diabetes
Pregnancy-induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia
Placenta previa or placental abruption
Abnormal foetal growth
Reduced or excess amniotic fluid
Cervical insufficiency
Premature rupture of membranes
Preterm labour
Foetal structural or chromosomal concerns

Early recognition allows the clinical team to increase monitoring and plan appropriate intervention.

What Additional Monitoring May Be Needed?

High-risk pregnancy care in Kolkata must be personalised. Depending on the condition, the care plan may include:

More frequent obstetric consultations
Regular blood-pressure checks
Blood and urine investigations
Blood-sugar monitoring
Early and targeted ultrasound examinations
Foetal anomaly assessment and growth scans
Doppler studies
Cervical-length assessment
Foetal heart-rate monitoring
Consultation with relevant medical specialists
Planned timing and method of delivery

Screening tests can estimate the possibility of certain conditions but do not always provide a definitive diagnosis. Results should be discussed with the obstetrician or foetal-medicine specialist.

The Role of Foetal Medicine

Foetal medicine focuses on the health, growth and development of the unborn baby, particularly when there is an identified or suspected concern.

A foetal-medicine specialist may assist with first-trimester risk assessment, detailed anomaly scans, growth monitoring, Doppler studies, multiple-pregnancy surveillance, assessment of congenital conditions, planning further diagnostic procedures and coordinating delivery and neonatal care.

When an abnormality is suspected, the objective is to provide parents with clear information, appropriate counselling and a coordinated care plan.

Why Delivery Planning Matters

In a high-risk pregnancy, the safest delivery plan depends on the mother’s health, the baby’s condition, gestational age and the nature of the complication.

The plan may consider whether vaginal delivery is appropriate, whether induction is required, whether a planned caesarean section is safer, the availability of blood and emergency support, Maternal ICU backup, the presence of a neonatologist at delivery, immediate NICU access, paediatric intensive care and other relevant specialist support.

The plan may change if the mother’s or baby’s condition changes.

Warning Signs That Require Urgent Attention

Seek immediate medical assistance for:

Vaginal bleeding
Severe or persistent abdominal pain
Severe headache, blurred vision or flashing lights
Sudden swelling of the face or hands
Convulsions or loss of consciousness
Chest pain or severe breathlessness
Leakage of fluid before labour
Persistent vomiting with inability to drink
Fever or signs of infection
Regular painful contractions before term
Noticeably reduced or absent foetal movement

Do not wait for the next scheduled appointment when an urgent warning sign appears.

Specialist Care Without Unnecessary Fear

The term “high-risk” can be emotionally overwhelming. However, it is primarily a clinical category that helps the medical team organise the level of observation and support required.

With regular antenatal care, timely investigations, appropriate treatment and planned delivery, many women with risk factors successfully complete their pregnancies.

High-Risk Pregnancy Care at B. P. Poddar Hospital

The hospital’s Mother & Child Care services bring together obstetricians, foetal-medicine support, neonatologists, paediatric specialists and critical-care teams.

The care pathway includes support for high-risk pregnancy, delivery planning, Maternal ICU, NICU, PICU and paediatric high-dependency care according to clinical need.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does a high-risk pregnancy always lead to complications? No. The term indicates a greater possibility of complications and the need for closer observation; it does not mean that a complication will definitely occur.

How often will I need check-ups? The frequency depends on the specific risk factor, gestational age and the mother’s and baby’s condition. The obstetrician will create an individual monitoring schedule.

Will I definitely need a caesarean section? No. The method of delivery is decided according to the mother’s health, the baby’s condition, gestational age, placental position, labour progress and other clinical factors.

When should I go to the hospital urgently? Urgent assessment is needed for bleeding, severe pain, severe headache or visual changes, leakage of fluid, breathing difficulty, convulsions, preterm contractions or noticeably reduced foetal movement.

Book a Consultation

If you have an existing medical condition, a previous pregnancy complication or a concern identified during your current pregnancy, consult the obstetric team at B. P. Poddar Hospital for an individual risk assessment.

This article is intended for general awareness. Pregnancy monitoring and treatment must always be personalised by a qualified obstetrician.A cancer diagnosis can lead to many questions. Which tests are required? Has the disease spread? Will treatment involve surgery, chemotherapy or radiation? Which specialist should be consulted first?

Cancer rarely belongs to a single medical discipline. Effective treatment may require radiologists, pathologists, medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists and supportive-care professionals to work together.

Complete cancer care in Kolkata connects these services through a coordinated pathway—from initial diagnosis and staging to treatment, rehabilitation and follow-up.

Stage One: Accurate Cancer Diagnosis

The first step is to determine whether cancer is present and, if so, identify its type and extent. Depending on the symptoms and suspected cancer, doctors may recommend:

Blood and laboratory investigations
Ultrasonography and mammography
CT, MRI or PET-CT
Endoscopy or other organ-specific investigations
FNAC, core biopsy or surgical biopsy
Histopathology and immunohistochemistry
Molecular or genetic testing where clinically indicated

Imaging can locate a suspicious lesion and assess its extent, but a biopsy is often required for definitive diagnosis. Pathology establishes the type and grade of the tumour, while molecular investigations may identify biomarkers that influence treatment.

The hospital’s Diagnostic Oncology services support screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment planning and response monitoring through imaging, laboratory medicine, pathology and nuclear medicine.

Stage Two: Cancer Staging

After confirming the diagnosis, the clinical team determines the stage of the cancer. Staging helps doctors understand the size of the primary tumour, whether nearby lymph nodes are involved, whether the disease has spread, whether surgery is feasible and which combination of treatments may be appropriate.

Accurate staging matters because two patients with the same cancer type may require different treatment plans depending on the disease’s extent and biological behaviour.

Stage Three: Multidisciplinary Tumour-Board Planning

A tumour board brings specialists from different oncology disciplines together to review the patient’s findings. The discussion may involve medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, nuclear-medicine specialists, pathologists, organ-specific specialists and supportive-care professionals.

The team evaluates the diagnosis, stage, molecular profile, overall health and personal priorities of the patient. The objective is not simply to select a treatment but to decide the most appropriate sequence. One patient may require surgery first, while another may benefit from chemotherapy or radiation before an operation.

Stage Four: Medical Oncology

Medical oncology uses medicines that travel through the body to destroy cancer cells, restrict their growth or influence the biological pathways supporting the disease.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer medicines to destroy rapidly dividing cells. It may be given before surgery, after surgery, alongside radiation or as the principal treatment for certain cancers.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy acts on specific genes, proteins or pathways involved in cancer growth. Molecular testing may be required to determine whether a patient is likely to benefit.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognise or attack cancer cells. Suitability depends on the cancer type, stage, relevant biomarkers and the patient’s overall condition.

Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy may be used for hormone-sensitive cancers, including selected breast and prostate cancers.
The Medical Oncology Department provides systemic treatment through day-care or inpatient pathways according to clinical need, supported by monitoring, transfusion medicine and symptom management.

Stage Five: Surgical Oncology

Surgery may be used to remove the primary tumour, assess or remove lymph nodes, preserve an affected organ where oncologically appropriate, relieve symptoms or reconstruct appearance and function after tumour removal.

Modern surgical oncology aims to balance cancer control with safe minimal invasiveness and organ preservation where feasible. Depending on the condition, procedures may include breast-conservation surgery, minimally invasive abdominal cancer surgery, nephron-sparing kidney surgery, sphincter-preserving colorectal surgery and limb-salvage surgery.

The Surgical Oncology Department offers cancer surgery supported by advanced operating theatres, pathology and multidisciplinary planning.

Stage Six: Radiation Oncology

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cells and limit their ability to grow. It may be used as the primary treatment, before surgery to reduce tumour size, after surgery to reduce recurrence risk, alongside chemotherapy or to relieve symptoms in advanced cancer.

Modern image-guided techniques allow radiation oncologists to shape and guide treatment according to the tumour’s position while protecting nearby healthy tissue as far as possible. The Radiation Oncology Department coordinates simulation, planning, treatment delivery and verification according to individual clinical need.

Stage Seven: Supportive and Holistic Care

Complete cancer care extends beyond treating the tumour. Patients may need support for the physical, nutritional, functional and emotional effects of cancer and its treatment.

Supportive services may include:

Oncology nutrition
Nausea and side-effect management
Pain and symptom control
Infection prevention and transfusion support
Psycho-oncology counselling
Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
Speech or swallowing rehabilitation
Palliative care and survivorship guidance

Introducing supportive care early can help patients manage treatment and maintain the best possible quality of life.

Why Coordinated Care Matters

When diagnosis and treatment services operate within an integrated system, different specialists can review the same clinical information and communicate more efficiently.

Potential advantages include:

Better coordination between departments
Timely access to necessary investigations
A clearly sequenced treatment plan
Less avoidable duplication of tests
Easier monitoring of treatment response
Continuity from diagnosis to follow-up
Greater clarity for patients and families

Complete Cancer Care at B. P. Poddar Hospital

The B. P. Poddar Hospital Cancer Unit brings together diagnostic oncology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology and supportive care.

Every patient’s treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, molecular findings, overall health and individual priorities. There is no universal cancer treatment plan.