World Oral Health Day 2023 Theme: World Oral Health Day 2023 is observed on March 20 of the current year. World Oral Health Day 2023 is a yearly event celebrated on March 20th that is commemorated all around the world. It emphasises the advantages of excellent oral health, raises awareness of oral ailments, and encourages the upkeep of oral hygiene.   On this day, dentists and dental hygienists use a variety of platforms to spread the word about various treatments and encourage people to practice proper oral hygiene.

As crucial as physical health is oral health. You can keep your mouth, teeth, and gums healthy with its aid. Also, it assists to enhance your attractiveness. Inadequate dental hygiene can cause serious health issues like heart disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, respiratory issues, and premature births in pregnant women in addition to oral disorders.

Guidelines for preserving healthy dental health

Let us read about our satisfied patient Mr. Sanatan Samanta and Chandramohan Samanta. They both were admitted to B.P. Poddar Hospital few months back. Both were suffering from recurrent chest pain which was exacerbated during strenuous activities. After Doctor visit, they were advised Angiography which was diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease. Treatment of CAD includes either PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty) or CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting). Doctor suggested them to undergo CABG surgery. Let us know more about CABG surgery.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the narrowing of the coronary arteries – the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. CAD is caused by a build-up of fatty material within the walls of the arteries. This build-up narrows the inside of the arteries, limiting the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

One way to treat the blocked or narrowed arteries is to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery with a piece of a healthy blood vessel from elsewhere in your body. Blood vessels, or grafts, used for the bypass procedure may be pieces of a vein from your leg or an artery in your chest. An artery from your wrist may also be used. Your doctor attaches one end of the graft above the blockage and the other end below the blockage. Blood bypasses the blockage by going through the new graft to reach the heart muscle. This is called coronary artery bypass surgery.

Traditionally, to bypass the blocked coronary artery, your doctor makes a large incision in the chest and temporarily stops the heart. To open the chest, your doctor cuts the breastbone (sternum) in half lengthwise and spreads it apart. Once the heart is exposed, your doctor inserts tubes into the heart so that the blood can be pumped through the body by a heart-lung bypass machine. The bypass machine is necessary to pump blood while the heart is stopped.

While the traditional "open heart" procedure is still commonly done and often preferred in many situations, less invasive techniques have been developed to bypass blocked coronary arteries. "Off-pump" procedures, in which the heart does not have to be stopped,

হার্ট বাইপাস করে সম্পূর্ণ সুস্থ শ্রীযুক্ত সনাতন সামন্ত এবং চন্দ্রমোহন সামন্ত

সনাতন সামন্ত এবং চন্দ্রমোহন সামন্তের সুস্থ হওয়ার গল্প
এখানে আমারা সনাতন সামন্ত এবং চন্দ্রমোহন সামন্ত সম্পর্কে জানবো। তারা দুজনেই কয়েকমাস আগে বি.পি. পোদ্দার হসপিটালে ভর্তি হয়েছিলেন। তাঁরা বুকে ব্যথায় ভুগছিলেন বারবার বুকে ব্যথার সমস্যায় ভুগছিলেন, যা ভারী কোনও কাজের সময় আরও বেড়ে যাচ্ছিল। ডাক্তার দেখার পর অ্যাঞ্জিওগ্রাফি করার পরামর্শ দেন। অ্যাঞ্জিওগ্রাফি করার পর তাঁদের করোনারি আর্টারি ডিজিজ ধরা পড়ে। সাধারণত সিএডি-র চিকিৎসায় দুধরনের পদ্ধতি অনুসরণ করা হয়। একটি হল পিটিসিএ পদ্ধতি। অপরটি হল সিএবিজি পদ্ধতি। তাঁদের ক্ষেত্রে ডাক্তার সিএবিজি সার্জারির পরামর্শ দেন। আসুন আমরা জেনে নি, কী এই চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি।
করোনারি আর্টারি বাইপাস গ্রাফ সার্জারি (সিএবিজি) একটি উন্নত চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি যা করোনারি আর্টারির সমস্যার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়। করোনারি আর্টারি ডিজিজে সাধারণত করোনারি আর্টারিগুলোর পথ সংকীর্ণ হয়ে যায়, ফলে রক্তনালীগুলি হৃৎপিণ্ডের পেশীতে অক্সিজেন এবং পুষ্টি সরবরাহে বাধা সৃষ্টি করে। আর্টারি ওয়ালে চর্বিযুক্ত উপাদান বৃদ্ধি পেতে থাকে আর আর্টারির ভিতরের অংশকে সঙ্কুচিত করে তোলে, ফলে হৃদপিন্ডের পেশীতে অক্সিজেন সমৃদ্ধ রক্তের সরবরাহ সীমিত করে।
অবরুদ্ধ বা সংকীর্ণ আর্টারির চিকিৎসার একটি উপায় হল আপনার শরীরের অন্য কোনও অংশ থেকে একটি সুস্থ রক্তনালীর টুকরো দিয়ে করোনারি আর্টারির অবরুদ্ধ অংশটিকে বাইপাস করা। যেমন আমরা মেইন রোডে জ্যাম থাকলে পাশের বাইপাস রাস্তা দিয়ে গাড়ি নিয়ে বেরিয়ে যাই, এই পদ্ধতিও ঠিক তেমনই। বাইপাস পদ্ধতির জন্য ব্যবহৃত রক্তনালী বা গ্রাফগুলি আপনার পায়ের শিরা বা আপনার বুকের একটি ধমনী থেকে নেওয়া হতে পারে। এমনকি আপনার কব্জি থেকে একটি ধমনীও ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। সার্জারির সময় গ্রাফের এক প্রান্ত ব্লকেজের উপরে এবং অন্য প্রান্তটি ব্লকেজের নীচে সংযুক্ত করা হয়। রক্ত নতুন গ্রাফের মধ্য দিয়ে গিয়ে হৃৎপিণ্ডের পেশীতে পৌঁছানোর জন্য ব্লকেজকে বাইপাস করে। একে বলা হয় করোনারি আর্টারি বাইপাস সার্জারি।
প্রথাগতভাবে অবরুদ্ধ করোনারি ধমনীকে বাইপাস করার জন্য আপনার বুকে একটি বড় ছেদ তৈরি করা হয়। এবং অস্থায়ীভাবে হার্ট বন্ধ করে দেওয়া হয়। বুক খোলার জন্য আপনার বুকের পাঁজড়ের হাড় (স্টার্নাম) অর্ধেক লম্বা করে কেটে আলাদা করে নেওয়া হয়। একবার হৃৎপিণ্ড উন্মুক্ত হয়ে গেলে, ডাক্তার হৃৎপিণ্ডে টিউব প্রবেশ করান, যাতে হার্ট-ফুসফুস বাইপাস মেশিনের মাধ্যমে শরীরে রক্ত পাম্প করা যায়। হার্ট বন্ধ থাকা অবস্থায় রক্ত পাম্প করার জন্য বাইপাস Ã Â¦Â®Ã Â§â€¡Ã Â¦Â¶Ã Â¦Â¿Ã Â¦Â¨ Ã Â¦ÂªÃ Â§ÂÃ Â¦Â°Ã Â§Å¸Ã Â§â€¹Ã Â¦Å“ন

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Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells proliferate uncontrollably and infiltrate the surrounding tissues. These cells can spread to other parts of the body via bodily fluids like the lymphatic system. Cancers are classified according to the organ or cell from which they originated. Cancer that develops in the lung, for example, is known as lung cancer, and cancer that develops in the skin's melanocytes is known as melanoma.

Cancer is classified into four types: A carcinoma is a cancer that begins on the outside of internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer of the blood vessels, muscles, bone, cartilage, and fat. Leukemia is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow and causes abnormal blood cells to be produced. Cancers of the immune system include lymphoma and myeloma, as do cancers of the nervous system that grow in central nervous system cells.

Alcohol, unhealthy eating habits, lack of physical activity, air pollution, and emission of ultraviolet light. Radiation and Smoking are some cancer risk factors. Smoking causes cancer because it damages our DNA and the genes that protect us from cancer. Numerous chemicals, including benzene, which is found in tobacco, have been shown to alter DNA.

 As we age, two important processes promote cancer growth: the acquisition of modifications and the development of a cellular and molecular environment favorable to carcinogenesis.

Cancer develops when a cell's genetic material becomes corrupted; the corruption causes mutations that disrupt normal cell division and development. When this happens, the cell does not die. Instead, more cells are produced; the fundamental component of cancer is the accumulation of these extra cells into the tissue known as a tumour. Tumors are classified as benign or malignant. Non-cancerous benign tumours are limited to the site of origin. By infiltrating nearby tissues, malignant tumours can spread to other parts of the body. For example, not all cancers start with a tumour.

 Changes in skin color, lumps and bumps anywhere on the body, a persistent cough, bowel movements that are not regular, pain when swallowing, and unusual bleeding are all signs of cancer. Numerous measures have been taken by the government to reduce the health risks of smoking.

The following are some of the methods used to find early signs of the disease:

Early detection increases the likelihood of a cure.

Treatment options include

Let us read about our satisfied patient Ms. Saraswati Khatua. She was admitted to B.P. Poddar Hospital in the month of November 2022. She was diagnosed with a tumor in her nose. Her tumor was successfully removed and she is now absolutely fine. Let us know more about tumor.

A tumor is a solid mass of tissue that forms when abnormal cells group together. Tumors can affect bones, skin, tissue, organs and glands. Many tumors are not cancer (they’re benign). But they still may need treatment. Cancerous, or malignant, tumors can be life-threatening and require cancer treatment.

What is a tumor?

A tumor is a mass or group of abnormal cells that form in the body. If you have a tumor, it isn’t necessarily cancer. Many tumors are benign (not cancerous).

Tumors can form throughout the body. They can affect bone, skin, tissues, glands and organs. Neoplasm is another word for tumor.

What’s the difference between a tumor and a cyst?

A tumor is a solid mass of tissue. It may or may not be cancerous.

A cyst is a small sac that may contain fluid, air or solid material. The majority of cysts are not cancerous.

What are the types of tumors?

A tumor may be:

Cancerous: Malignant or cancerous tumors can spread into nearby tissue, glands and other parts of the body. The new tumors are metastases (mets). Cancerous tumors can come back after treatment (cancer recurrence). These tumors can be life-threatening.

Noncancerous: Benign tumors are not cancerous and are rarely life-threatening. They’re localized, which means they don’t typically affect nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Many noncancerous tumors don’t need treatment. But some noncancerous tumors press on other body parts and do need medical care.

Precancerous: These noncancerous tumors can become cancerous if not treated.

নাকের টিউমার অপারেশন করে সম্পূর্ণ সুস্থ স্বরস্বতী Ã Â¦â€“াটুয়া

এখানে আমরা স্বরস্বতী খাটুয়া সম্পর্কে জানবো। গত নভেম্বরে তিনি বি.পি. পোদ্দার হসপিটালে ভর্তি হোন। স্বরস্বতী খাটুয়া নাকের টিউমারের সমস্যা নিয়ে এসেছিলেন। অস্ত্রোপচারের মাধ্যমে সাফল্যের সঙ্গে টিউমারটিকে নাক থেকে আলাদা করে দেওয়া হয়। এখন তিনি পুরোপুরি সুস্থ। এবার আমরা টিউমার সম্পর্কে কিছু জানবো।
শরীরের কোনও অংশের অস্বাভাবিক কোষ দ্বারা গঠিত শক্ত মাংসপিন্ডকে সাধারণ ভাবে টিউমার বলা হয়। টিউমার হাড়, টিসুস, স্কিন, অর্গ্যানস বা গ্ল্যান্ডসের ওপর খারাপ প্রভাব ফেলতে পারে। টিউমার মানেই ক্যান্সার নয় (বেনাইন)। কিন্তু এক্ষেত্রে চিকিৎসার প্রয়োজন হয়। ক্যান্সারাস বা ম্যালিগন্যান্ট টিউমার অবশ্যই জীবনঘাতক হতে পারে, তাই দ্রুত চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি অবলম্বন করা উচিৎ।

টিউমার কী?
শরীরের কোনও অংশের অস্বাভাবিক কোষ দ্বারা গঠিত শক্ত মাংসপিণ্ডকে টিউমার বলা হয়। তবে সবসময় তা ক্যান্সার নয়। বেশিরভাগ টিউমার বেনাইন জাতীয় হয়ে থাকে।
টিউমার ও সিস্টের মধ্যে পার্থক্য কী?
টিউমার হল শক্ত মাংসপিণ্ড। এটি ক্যান্সার বা নন ক্যান্সার হতে পারে।
এবং সিস্ট হল ছোট ছোট থলি, যার মধ্যে তরল জাতীয় বা বায়ূ-সহ শক্তজাতীয় পদার্থ থাকতে পারে। বেশিরভাগ সিস্ট ক্যান্সার নয়।
টিউমারের প্রকারভেদ?
টিউমার হতে পারে
ক্যান্সারাস- ম্যালিগন্যান্ট বা ক্যান্সারাস টিউমার ছড়িয়ে পড়ে কাছাকাছি টিসুস, গ্ল্যান্ডস এবং শরীরের অন্যান্য অংশে। জন্ম হয় আরও নতুন কিছু টিউমারের। এমনকি চিকিৎসার পরেও টিউমার ফিরে আসতে পারে। ক্রমশ এটি জীবনঘাতক হয়ে ওঠে।
ননক্যান্সারাস- বেনাইন টিউমার ক্যান্সার নয় এবং এটি খুবই কম ঘাতক। এই টিউমার শরীরের অন্যান্য অংশে ছড়ায় না। এই ধরনের কিছু কিছু টিউমারের আবার চিকিৎসারও প্রয়োজন পড়ে না।
প্রি ক্যান্সাররাস- নন ক্যান্সারাস টিউমারের চিকিৎসা না করালে ক্যান্সারাস টিউমার Ã Â¦Â¹Ã Â§Å¸Ã Â§â€¡ Ã Â¦â€°Ã Â¦Â Ã Â¦Â¤Ã Â§â€¡ Ã Â¦ÂªÃ Â¦Â¾Ã Â¦Â°Ã Â§â€¡Ã Â¥Â¤

Let us read about our satisfied patient Mr. Balaram Das. He was admitted to B.P. Poddar Hospital three months back. He was suffering from recurrent chest pain which was exacerbated during strenuous activities. After Doctor visit, he was advised Angiography where he was diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease. Treatment of CAD includes either PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty) or CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting). Doctor suggested him to undergo CABG surgery. Let us know more about CABG surgery.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a procedure used to treat coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the narrowing of the coronary arteries – the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. CAD is caused by a build-up of fatty material within the walls of the arteries. This build-up narrows the inside of the arteries, limiting the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

One way to treat the blocked or narrowed arteries is to bypass the blocked portion of the coronary artery with a piece of a healthy blood vessel from elsewhere in your body. Blood vessels, or grafts, used for the bypass procedure may be pieces of a vein from your leg or an artery in your chest. An artery from your wrist may also be used. Your doctor attaches one end of the graft above the blockage and the other end below the blockage. Blood bypasses the blockage by going through the new graft to reach the heart muscle. This is called coronary artery bypass surgery.

Traditionally, to bypass the blocked coronary artery, your doctor makes a large incision in the chest and temporarily stops the heart. To open the chest, your doctor cuts the breastbone (sternum) in half lengthwise and spreads it apart. Once the heart is exposed, your doctor inserts tubes into the heart so that the blood can be pumped through the body by a heart-lung bypass machine. The bypass machine is necessary to pump blood while the heart is stopped.

While the traditional "open heart" procedure is still commonly done and often preferred in many situations, less invasive techniques have been developed to bypass blocked coronary arteries. "Off-pump" procedures, in which the heart does not have to be stopped, were developed in the 1990's. There is also a minimally invasive procedure which we are referring to as 4 Inches cut Heart Bypass. It is a truly minimally invasive procedure where a very small incision is made generally below the left nipple. The biggest advantage of 4 inches cut heart bypass is that, no bones are cut. There is lesser bleeding, lesser pain and the recovery is also faster. There is lesser chance of infection.

হার্ট বাইপাস করে সম্পূর্ণ সুস্থ শ্রীযুক্ত বলরাম দাস

এখানে আমরা বলরাম দাস সম্পর্কে জানবো। প্রায় তিন মাস আগে তিনি বি.পি. পোদ্দার হাসপাতালে ভর্তি হন। বলরামবাবু বারবার বুকে ব্যথার সমস্যায় ভুগছিলেন, যা ভারী কোনও কাজের সময় আরও বেড়ে যাচ্ছিল। ডাক্তার দেখার পর অ্যাঞ্জিওগ্রাফি করার পরামর্শ দেন। অ্যাঞ্জিওগ্রাফি করার পর তাঁর করোনারি আর্টারি ডিজিজ ধরা পড়ে। সাধারণত সিএডি-র চিকিৎসায় দুধরনের পদ্ধতি অনুসরণ করা হয়। একটি হল ‘পিটিসিএ’ পদ্ধতি। অপরটি হল ‘সিএবিজি’ পদ্ধতি। বলরামবাবুর ক্ষেত্রে ডাক্তার সিএবিজি সার্জারির পরামর্শ দেন। আসুন আমরা জেনে নি, কী এই চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি?
করোনারি আর্টারি বাইপাস গ্রাফ সার্জারি (সিএবিজি) একটি উন্নত চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতি যা করোনারি আর্টারির সমস্যার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়। করোনারি আর্টারি ডিজিজে সাধারণত করোনারি আর্টারিগুলোর পথ সংকীর্ণ হয়ে যায়, ফলে রক্তনালীগুলি হৃৎপিণ্ডের পেশীতে অক্সিজেন এবং পুষ্টি সরবরাহে বাধা সৃষ্টি করে। আর্টারি ওয়ালে চর্বিযুক্ত উপাদান বৃদ্ধি পেতে থাকে আর আর্টারির ভিতরের অংশকে সঙ্কুচিত করে তোলে, ফলে হৃদপিন্ডের পেশীতে অক্সিজেন সমৃদ্ধ রক্তের সরবরাহ সীমিত করে।
অবরুদ্ধ বা সংকীর্ণ আর্টারির চিকিৎসার একটি উপায় হল আপনার শরীরের অন্য কোনও অংশ থেকে একটি সুস্থ রক্তনালীর টুকরো দিয়ে করোনারি আর্টারির অবরুদ্ধ অংশটিকে বাইপাস করা। যেমন আমরা মেইন রোডে জ্যাম থাকলে পাশের বাইপাস রাস্তা দিয়ে গাড়ি নিয়ে বেরিয়ে যাই, এই পদ্ধতিও ঠিক তেমনই। বাইপাস পদ্ধতির জন্য ব্যবহৃত রক্তনালী বা গ্রাফগুলি আপনার পায়ের শিরা বা আপনার বুকের একটি ধমনী থেকে নেওয়া হতে পারে। এমনকি আপনার কব্জি থেকে একটি ধমনীও ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। সার্জারির সময় গ্রাফের এক প্রান্ত ব্লকেজের উপরে এবং অন্য প্রান্তটি ব্লকেজের নীচে সংযুক্ত করা হয়। রক্ত নতুন গ্রাফের মধ্য দিয়ে গিয়ে হৃৎপিণ্ডের পেশীতে পৌঁছানোর জন্য ব্লকেজকে বাইপাস করে। একে বলা হয় করোনারি আর্টারি বাইপাস সার্জারি।
প্রথাগতভাবে, অবরুদ্ধ করোনারি ধমনীকে বাইপাস করার জন্য, আপনার বুকে একটি বড় ছেদ তৈরি করা হয়। এবং অস্থায়ীভাবে হার্ট বন্ধ করে দেওয়া হয়। বুক খোলার জন্য, আপনার বুকের পাঁজড়ের হাড় (স্টার্নাম) অর্ধেক লম্বা করে কেটে আলাদা করে নেওয়া হয়। একবার হৃৎপিণ্ড উন্মুক্ত হয়ে গেলে, ডাক্তার হৃৎপিণ্ডে টিউব প্রবেশ করান, যাতে হার্ট-ফুসফুস বাইপাস মেশিনের মাধ্যমে শরীরে রক্ত পাম্প করা যায়। হার্ট বন্ধ থাকা অবস্থায় রক্ত পাম্প করার জন্য বাইপাস মেশিন প্রয়োজন।
যদিও প্রথাগত ‘ওপেন হার্ট’ পদ্ধতি অনেক পরিস্থিতিতে প্রায়ই পছন্দ করা হয়। অবরুদ্ধ করোনারি ধমনীকে বাইপাস করার জন্য আরও ভালো কৌশল হচেছ ‘অফ-পাম্প’ পদ্ধতি। এতে হৃদপিণ্ড বন্ধ করতে হয় না, ১৯৯০-এর দশকে এই পদ্ধতি বিকশিত হয়েছিল। এছাড়াও আর একটি পদ্ধতি রয়েছে যা আমরা ৪ ইঞ্চি কাটা হার্ট বাইপাস হিসাবে উল্লেখ করে থাকি। এটি একটি সত্যই অতি ভালো পদ্ধতি যেখানে সাধারণত বুকের বাঁদিকে নীচে একটি খুব ছোট ছেদ তৈরি করা হয়। ৪ ইঞ্চি কাটা হার্ট বাইপাসের সবচেয়ে বড় সুবিধা হল, কোনও হাড় কাটা হয় না। কম রক্তপাত হয়, কম ব্যথা হয় এবং রোগী দ্রুত সেড়ে ওঠেন। পাশাপাপাশি সংক্রমণের সম্ভাবনা Ã Â¦â€¢Ã Â¦Â® Ã Â¦Â¥Ã Â¦Â¾Ã Â¦â€¢Ã Â§â€¡Ã Â¥Â¤

What is Leprosy?

Leprosy is a chronic, progressive bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the nerves of the extremities, the skin, the lining of the nose, and the upper respiratory tract. Leprosy is also known as Hansen’s disease.

Hansen’s disease produces skin ulcers, nerve damage, and muscle weakness. If it isn’t treated, it can cause severe disfigurement and significant disability.

Hansen’s disease is one of the oldest diseases in recorded history. The first known written reference to Hansen’s disease is from around 600 B.C.

What are the symptoms of Hansen’s disease?

The main symptoms of Hansen’s disease include:

The skin lesions result in decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or pain. They don’t heal, even after several weeks. They’re lighter than your normal skin tone or they may be reddened from inflammation.

How does Hansen’s disease spread?

The bacterium Mycobacterium leprae causes Hansen’s disease. It’s thought that Hansen’s disease spreads through contact with the mucosal secretions of a person with the infection. This usually occurs when a person with Hansen’s disease sneezes or coughs.

The disease isn’t highly contagious. However, close, repeated contact with an untreated person for a longer period of time can lead to contracting Hansen’s disease.

The bacterium responsible for Hansen’s disease multiplies very slowly. The disease has an average incubation period (the time between infection and the appearance of the first symptoms) of five yearsTrusted Source, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Symptoms may not appear for as long as 20 years.

What are the types of Hansen’s disease?

There are three systems for classifying Hansen’s disease.

1. Tuberculoid Hansen’s disease vs. lepromatous Hansen’s disease vs. borderline Hansen’s disease

The first system recognizes three types of Hansen’s disease: tuberculoid, lepromatous, and borderline. A person’s immune response to the disease determines which of these types of Hansen’s disease they have:

2. World Health Organization (WHO) classification

WHO categorizesTrusted Source the disease based on the type and number of affected skin areas:

3. Ridley-Jopling classification

Clinical studies use the Ridley-Jopling system. It has five classifications based on severity of symptoms.

ClassificationSymptomsDisease response
Tuberculoid Hansen’s diseaseA few flat lesions, some large and numb; some nerve involvementCan heal on its own, persist, or may progress to a more severe form
Borderline tuberculoid Hansen’s diseaseLesions similar to tuberculoid but more numerous; more nerve involvementMay persist, revert to tuberculoid, or advance to another form
Mid-borderline Hansen’s diseaseReddish plaques; moderate numbness; swollen lymph nodes; more nerve involvementMay regress, persist, or progress to other forms
Borderline lepromatous Hansen’s diseaseMany lesions, including flat lesions, raised bumps, plaques, and nodules; more numbnessMay persist, regress, or progress
Lepromatous Hansen’s diseaseMany lesions with bacteria; hair loss; more severe nerve involvement with peripheral nerve thickening; limb weakness; disfigurementDoesn’t regress

There’s also a form a Hansen’s disease called indeterminate Hansen’s disease that isn’t included in the Ridley-Jopling classification system. It’s considered to be a very early form of Hansen’s disease where a person will have only one skin lesion that’s just slightly numb to the touch.

Indeterminate Hansen’s disease may resolve or progress further to one of the five forms of Hansen’s disease within the Ridley-Jopling system.

How is Hansen’s disease diagnosed?

Your doctor will conduct a physical exam to look for telltale signs and symptoms of the disease. They’ll also perform a biopsy in which they remove a small piece of skin or nerve and send it to a laboratory for testing.

Your doctor may also perform a lepromin skin test to determine the form of Hansen’s disease. They’ll inject a small amount of Hansen’s disease-causing bacterium, which has been inactivated, into the skin, typically on the upper forearm.

People who have tuberculoid or borderline tuberculoid Hansen’s disease will experience a positive result at the injection site.

How is Hansen’s disease treated?

WHO developed a multidrug therapyTrusted Source in 1995 to cure all types of Hansen’s disease. It’s available free of charge worldwide.

Additionally, several antibiotics treat Hansen’s disease by killing the bacteria that causes it. These antibiotics include:

It is a flexible, tube-like instrument known as an endoscope which is used in the minimally invasive treatment known as Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) to remove precancerous and cancerous regions from the Gastro Intestinal (GI) tract. The term "submucosal" refers to the procedure's focus on tumors that are under the GI tract's lining (mucosa). These tumors may be near to muscular tissue and may be challenging to totally remove using normal techniques. This operation is carried out by gastroenterologists and medical professionals specially expertise to treat the GI system. The doctor will put the endoscope through the mouth for upper GI tumors or through the anus for lower GI tumors depending on where in the GI tract the tumor is placed. Most people recover from ESD as an outpatient surgery and return home the following day. This procedure requires a high precision and accuracy to perform and it is not easily available at any hospital across the country. Who needs Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)? The following cancers and lesions that affect the submucosa, the region between the lining of internal organs and the muscle wall can be treated with the ESD procedure:

Esophageal Barrett's disease Cancerous tumors or colon polyps in the early stages, such as colorectal, stomach, or esophageal cancer. Esophageal, stomach, or colon tumors that have not yet spread to the GI wall's deeper layer. For the removal of some growths, particularly those without distinct borders or those that are too large to be removed in one piece by conventional procedures, ESD may be a more effective choice than endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). In these situations, ESD can reduce the danger of the tumor spreading. In order to provide better therapy, ESD can also assist the doctor in staging the GI cancer (by identifying its spread). How is Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) done? It is usually done by the gastroenterologist. Before the surgery, the patient is supposed to: 1. Follow a liquid diet and a laxative or enema to clear the bowels before a lower GI tract operation. 2. Avoid eating or drinking for 12 hours before an upper GI tract surgery to ensure that the food pipe or esophagus is clean of food. 3. In case of any allergies, the doctor suggests the required medicines. 4. The patient is sedated to make him/her asleep during the procedure so that the patient does not experience any pain. 5. Depending on where the tumor is, a high-definition endoscope is inserted through the mouth or anus. 6. The entire procedure is performed while viewing it on a screen to prevent any damage to the nearby tissue. 7. With the use of a specific tool inserted through the endoscope tube, the tumor is located and its boundaries. 8. To detach the tumor or lesion from the muscle wall, a solution is injected beneath it. By doing this, the procedure's potential for damaging nearby tissue is also reduced. 9. Using a high-frequency electrical current with the help of an electrosurgical knife the tumor tissue is "cut" free from the GI wall and the blood vessels are sealed by the electrical current which lessens the bleeding. 10. Through the use of an endoscope the removed tissue from the body is then sent to a lab for pathology analysis. 11. Following the ESD operation, the patient's condition is watched over while the sedative wears off. The doctor will then go through the ESD results. 12. The pathologist can determine whether the procedure successfully removed the tumor by examining the tissue samples under a microscope. 13. As the patient heals, he/she might go through sore throat as the endoscope was inserted through your mouth, might have nausea or vomiting if the stomach or intestines were treated and sometimes might face excessive gas, bloating, or pain, particularly if the abdomen was inflated with air during the therapy. Every year, National Pollution Control Day is celebrated on December 2 to commemorate and honor those who died in the Bhopal gas disaster. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy took place in 1984 on the nights of December 1-2. Methyl isocyanate, popularly known as MIC is a deadly gas that caused several fatalities. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is one of the worst industrial contamination incidents. More than one might realize that environmental pollution has a negative impact on one's quality of life both directly and indirectly. All of this is primarily due to human activities that degrade the environment in various ways. Today prevention of pollution is a top priority for the entire world since everyone has a right to access to public lands, clean water and clean fresh air to breathe. Significance of National Pollution Control Day According to the National Health Portal of India, every year around 7 million people die because of air pollution worldwide, 4 million of them pass away due to indoor air pollution. The present global scenario is worse than one could ever think. Climate change is true and according to a 2019 WHO report, 99% of the world's population lived in areas where the air quality standards were not even met. Nine out of 10 people on the planet lack access to clean air due to the degree of pollution. Notably, the airborne contaminants are so minute that they can harm the lungs, heart and brain by piercing the mucous membrane. Natural resources like water, air, land, and forests are quickly being impacted by many sorts of pollution. To safeguard the environment and lower pollution, it is crucial to properly apply laws and regulations. In accordance with the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was established in September 1974. Additionally, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 gave the CPCB the authority and responsibility to carry out its duties. It offers the Indian Government's Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change technical advice. Major pollutants affecting our environment The main pollutants are ozone at ground level are produced when sunlight reacts with pollutants from industrial facilities and vehicle emissions, particulate matter, a mixture of solid and liquid droplets resulting from fuel combustion, nitrogen dioxide from road traffic and sulfur dioxide, an invisible gas from burning fossil fuels like coal. Older people and children are particularly impacted by air pollution. Climate change is also caused due to air pollution. How to prevent the pollution? Avoiding pollution is a team effort. Each person must contribute their particular efforts in unison. Start small by avoiding the use of plastic, walking short distances rather than driving. By using eco-friendly materials like wood, cane, and glass, not burning trash, planting trees, and other such actions.During rush hour try to avoid strolling on crowded streets and prevent carrying children nearby vehicle exhausts.Avoid burning rubbish since the resulting smoke is harmful to the health. Encourage the usage of green energy. Improve plant life and vegetation by planting more trees, such as green roofs, in neighborhood and urban forests to minimize the pollution in cities. Turn off the lights and electronics appliances when not in use. We all are aware about the toxicity of plastic to the environment and its non- biodegradable nature. Thus, we all must make an effort to pause before discarding the plastic bottles and containers. Try to Reduce, Reuse and Recycle as much as possible and switch to cloth carry bags, wooden or bamboo toothbrushes, glass bottles and fabric Why we need to celebrate the National Pollution Prevention Day? In order to create an awareness among the people about the adverse effects of pollution, it is really important to observe this day and also to make an oath towards the safeguard of the environment. For the past few years, the following changes have increased alarmingly which is really the need of the hour for all of us: Around 8 million tons of plastics go into the oceans every year due to which 100,000 marine creatures perish each year as a result of plastic contamination in the coastal areas. Slowly and gradually it has also started to degrade the marine ecology such as the coral reefs, decline in the population of exotic species or marine organisms etc. Air pollution has led to the increase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders especially in the developing and developed countries due to the emission of toxic effluents in the atmosphere. The most urgent issue of the moment is climate change, which shouldn't be dismissed. If we can't save the planet on our own, we can at least contribute in some small way. Even though it may sound depressing but pollution has already harmed half of the planet. This day serves as a reminder to be more cautious and take preventative measures in order to save ourselves from the disaster we are causing to this planet.

Every year, World COPD Day is held to increase public awareness of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and to educate people worldwide about this respiratory disorder. A global group called GOLD- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease launched in 2002 which brings together medical professionals from many nations to organize public awareness campaigns regarding COPD, its prevention and to support better medical care and treatment outcomes for people who have already been diagnosed with the disease.

          The emphasis on lifelong lung health is a part of this year's theme. We only have one set of lungs when we all are born. Keeping our lungs healthy is essential for our future health and wellbeing from childhood through maturity. This campaign will concentrate on the causes of COPD from infancy to adulthood and what can be done to encourage lifetime lung health and safeguard the vulnerable population.

What is COPD?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a common respiratory ailment that affects people of all ages worldwide. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common progressive lung diseases that affect the air sacs and bronchial tubes in the lungs, impairing breathing and causing lung damage. COPD is an umbrella term that refers to a variety of these conditions. The typical course of COPD is several years and in rare circumstances, it might even be a chronic condition.

          In addition to causing direct lung damage, COPD also increases a person's risk of developing heart disease, angina and respiratory infections. COPD usually leads to shortness of breath and irreparable lung damage by obstructing the airways and deteriorating pulmonary cells and tissues. However, COPD symptoms can be controlled and severe lung damage can be avoided with prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Causes of COPD

  1. Direct inhalation of toxic chemicals, fumes and dust in an occupational setting.
  2. Living in homes with inadequate ventilation and inhaling fumes from the burning of coal and fuel for cooking and heating purposes.
  3. Tobacco smoking.
  4. Continuous exposure to air pollution, dust, particulate matter etc.

Symptoms

Some persons who have both COPD and asthma experience symptoms that are similar to each other since COPD is an inflammatory lung disorder. The following symptoms are usually seen:

  1. Difficulty in breathing.
  2. Wheezing
  3. Loss of weight.
  4. Fatigue and uneasiness.
  5. Coughing with phlegm discharge.
  6. Tight clenching sensation in the chest.
  7. Accumulation of mucus in the nasal passage.


Treatment

COPD has no known cure but with the right care, the condition can be effectively treated. The corrective actions include:

  1. People with arthritis can improve their general health and lessen the severity of their symptoms by maintaining a healthy, balanced diet, getting the right amount of exercise, and refraining from smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
  2. Bronchodilators- Inhaled drugs that clear blockages from the airways, expand the lungs and promote comfortable breathing.
  3. Prescribed medications as suggested by the doctor.
  4. In case of serious COPD, Oxygen therapy and surgery are done to remove the inflamed tissues within the lungs in order to normalize the oxygen supply.

Prevention of COPD

  1. By avoiding smoking tobacco.
  2. By improving ventilation in the houses and work areas.
  3. By wearing masks or protective clothing while stepping outside in the polluted areas to avoid the toxic fumes and pollutants in the air.
Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.

Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body cells for use as energy. With diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin or can't use it as well as it should. When there isnot enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, vision loss, and  diabetes-kidney-disease. There isn't a cure yet for diabetes, but losing weight, eating healthy food, and being active can really help. Other things you can do to help: Take medicine as prescribed. Getdiabetes self-management education and support. Make and keep health care appointments. Types of Diabetes There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant). 1 Diabetes diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction stops your body from making insulin. Approximately 5-10% of the people who have diabetes have type 1. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often develop quickly. It's usually diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults. If you have type 1 diabetes, you'll need to take insulin every day to survive. Currently, no one knows how to prevent 2 Diabete With type 2 diabetes, your body doesn't use insulin well and can't keep blood sugar at normal levels. About 90-95% of people with diabetes have type 2. It develops over many years and is usually diagnosed in adults (but more and more in children, teens, and young adults). You may not notice any symptoms, so it's important to get your blood sugar tested if you're at risk. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, such as: Losing weight. Eating healthy food. Being active. Gestational Diabetes Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant women who have never had diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes, your baby could be at higher risk for health problems. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after your baby is born. However, it increases your risk for type 2 diabetes later in life. Your baby is more likely to have obesity as a child or teen and develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Diabetes Risk Factors Diabetes is thought to be caused by an immune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). Risk factors for type 1 diabetes are not as clear as for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Known risk factors include: Family history: Having a parent, brother, or sister with type 1 diabetes. Age: You can get type 1 diabetes at any age, but it usually develops in children, teens, or young adults. Currently, no one knows how to prevent type 1 diabetes. Diabetes You're at risk for type 2 diabetesif you: Have prediabetes. Are overweight. Are 45 years or older. Have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes. Are physically active less than 3 times a week. Have ever had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or given birth to a baby who weighed over 9 pounds. If you have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease you may also be at risk for type 2 diabetes. You can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes with proven lifestyle changes. These include losing weight if you're overweight, eating a healthy diet, and getting regular get-moving-to-manage-diabetes. physical activity Symptoms of Diabetes If you have any of the following diabetes symptoms, see your doctor about getting your  blood sugar tested. Urinate (pee) a lot, often at night Are very thirsty Lose weight without trying Are very hungry Have blurry vision Have numb or tingling hands or feet Feel very tired Have very dry skin Have sores that heal slowly Have more infections than usual Symptoms of ] Diabetes 1. People who have  may also have nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains. Type 1 diabetes symptoms can develop in just a few weeks or months and can be severe. Type 1 diabetes usually starts when you're a child, teen, or young adult but can happen at any age. 2. diabetes often take several years to develop. Some people don't notice any symptoms at all. Diabetes usually starts when you're an adult, though more and more children and teens are developing it. Because symptoms are hard to spot, it's important to know the risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Make sure to visit your doctor if you have any of them.

 

Diabetes Prevention

Can Type 2 Diabetes Be Prevented?

Yes! You can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes with proven, achievable lifestyle changes; such as losing a small amount of weight and getting more physically active even if you're at high risk. Read on to find out about  lifestyle change program and how you can join.

What is Prediabetes?

Before developing type 2 diabetes, most people have prediabetes; their blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough yet for a diabetes diagnosis. Prediabetes is really common. The good news is that prediabetes can be reversed.

 

DOs and DONTs in Diabetes

DOs if you have diabetes

Proper diet, regular exercise and meditation are important. Eat small and frequent meals. Control portion size; don't give long gap between meals. Have early dinner. Include raw or fresh salads and high fibre food (wheat, ragi, jowar, millets and brans) in every meal. Include green leafy vegetables and sprouts, flax seeds, chia seeds daily. Selected fruits like small apple, pear (marasebu), orange, guava, peaches, sweet-lime, plum, 1 slice muskmelon, apricot, jamun, papaya and pineapple are allowed 100gms only and preferably in midmorning if the fasting blood glucose levels are less than 100mg/dl. Use boiling/steaming/baking/grilling process for cooking food. Limit the salt intake to 5gm/day or one leveled teaspoon. For cooking, use rice-bran oil, canola oil, groundnut oil, mustard oil, sunflower oil, olive oil etc. and limit the intake to 500 Gms or half a liter per person per month. Include plenty of water, buttermilk, soups and keep your self-hydrated. DON'Ts if you have diabetes Cut down refined carbs like sweets and sweetened products like sugar, honey, jaggery, cakes, pastries etc. Avoid fried foods butter/nutralite, Vanaspati and coconut. Avoid sweetened fruit juice, high calorie fruits or overripe fruits like mango, banana, sapota, seethaphal and jackfruit. Avoid roots and tubers such as potato, sweet potato, beetroot, yam, tapioca and sweet pumpkin. Avoid aerated and caffeinated drinks such as pepsi, coke, fanta, diet coke, soda etc. Avoid dry fruits such as raisins, dates, figs, prunes, plums, cashew and pista. Restrict the amount of salt in the diet. Avoid papad, pickles, processed food, canned food, baking soda and aginomoto. Artificial sweeteners like Sugarfree can be used with tea and coffee in small amounts. Avoid organ meat, red meat (mutton), beef, pork, and egg-yolk. Strictly avoid health drinks.