This day raises awareness of the cause and severity of Alzheimer’s disease, and it is observed throughout the month in certain countries. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain condition that gradually deteriorates memory and cognitive abilities, among other things. It is the most frequent cause of dementia in older individuals. It is also a progressive illness that causes brain cells to deteriorate and die.
Memory loss is a significant symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. The inability to recall recent events or discussions is generally an early symptom of the illness. Memory problems increase as the disease develops, and additional symptoms emerge.
Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, degenerative brain condition that gradually affects memory and thinking skills, as well as the ability to do even the most basic tasks.
With almost 50 million individuals living with dementia globally, dementia is one of the most serious issues we face.
As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, self-neglect and behavioural issues.
Unfortunately, Alzheimer’s disease cannot be reversed, however, with more awareness, family members of the patient can learn to manage the condition.
Taking care of your teeth isn't a proven way to prevent heart disease. While there appears to be some connection between oral health and heart disease, more research is needed to understand it.
Poor oral health has been debated as a possible cause of heart disease for many years. some studies have shown:
Even though oral health isn't a key to heart disease prevention, it's important to take care of your teeth and gums:
If you're concerned about heart disease prevention, ask your doctor about proven ways to reduce your risk  such as stopping smoking and maintaining a healthy weight.
World Patient Safety Day was established in 2019 to enhance global understanding of patient safety, increase public engagement in the safety of health care and promote global actions to enhance patient safety and reduce patient harm.
Heart Valve Defect
There are 4 valves in the heart- Tricuspid Valve, Mitral Valve, Pulmonary Valve, Aortic Valve. We have discussed in detail about the role of each valve. But sometimes a defect may arise in the valve of a person and that cause serious complications. First let us understand what are the defects that may arise with the valves.
Causes of Heart Valve Defects
Valve Defects can be Congenital which is basically present by birth. If the defect is small, it may cause very little or no symptom at all. But in some cases as the age progresses, the valves may degenerate over time causing the symptoms to develop and that how the problem gets detected. In acquired valve disorders, the reason can be a Streptococcus infection which releases a toxin which damages the valve of the heart.
Valve Repair and Replacement
If the valve is suffering from a Stenosis or Regurgitation, then there are two approaches to correct this. The surgeon will check if the valve can be repaired or not, otherwise the valve needs to be replaced. There are two types of Valves available for replacement- Mechanical Valve and Tissue Valve. Mechanical heart valves are made from materials such as titanium and carbon. They usually consist of two leaflets and a metal ring surrounded by a ring of knitted fabric, which is sewn onto the heart in place of the original valve. There are several different models available for aortic and mitral replacement surgeries.
Tissue valves, also known as biological or bioprosthetic valves, are composed of animal or human tissue. The valves are derived from animal tissue such as porcine (pig), bovine (cow) and equine (horse) models, and then fixed with a preserving solution that may be mounted on a flexible frame to assist in deployment during surgery. As with mechanical valves, the bottom of a tissue valve is often surrounded by a ring of knitted fabric that is sewn onto the heart.
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical v/s Tissue Valve?
The main advantage of Mechanical valves is that they are very durable. However, these valves provide a surface on which blood clots can form easily. As a result, anyone who has been implanted with a mechanical valve needs to be on lifelong blood-thinning medication, such as warfarin, to prevent the development of blood clots that can cause heart attack or stroke. Advantages of Tissue valves compared to mechanical valves include the avoidance of lifelong warfarin therapy to prevent the development of blood clots. A disadvantage is their relatively poor durability compared to mechanical valves, with many requiring a re-operation in 10 to 20 years.
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Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. Some congenital heart defects might not cause any problems. Complex defects, however, can cause life-threatening complications.
Symptoms
Some congenital heart defects cause no signs or symptoms. For some people, signs or symptoms occur later in life. And symptoms can return years after you've had treatment for a heart defect.
Common congenital heart disease symptoms include:
Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
A bluish tint to the skin, lips and fingernails (cyanosis)
Shortness of breath
Tiring quickly upon exertion
Swelling of body tissue or organs (edema)
Most Common Types of Congenital Heart Defects
ASD- Atrial Septal Defect. A birth defect that causes a hole in the wall between the heart's upper chambers (atria).
VSD- Ventricular Septal Defect. A heart defect due to an abnormal connection between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles).
Patent Foramen Ovale- patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the heart that didn't close the way it should after birth. The small flaplike opening is between the right and left upper chambers of the heart (atria).
As a baby grows in the womb, the foramen ovale is present in between the right and left top chambers of the heart (atria). It normally closes during infancy. When the foramen ovale doesn't close, it's called a patent foramen ovale.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus- Before birth, an opening that connects two major blood vessels leading from the heart  the aorta and pulmonary artery  is necessary for a baby's blood circulation. The connection diverts blood from a baby's lungs while they develop, and the baby receives oxygen from the mother's circulation. After birth, the ductus arteriosus normally closes within two or three days. In premature infants, the opening often takes longer to close. If the connection remains open, it's referred to as a patent ductus arteriosus.
Teratology of Fallot- A condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth. Tetralogy of Fallot defects cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body.
Ebstein Anomaly- The tricuspid valve  the valve between the upper right chamber (right atrium) and the lower right chamber (right ventricle) of the heart  isn't formed properly
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Causes
To understand congenital heart disease, we must know how the heart works.
The heart is divided into chambers  two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).
The right side of the heart moves blood to the lungs through blood vessels (pulmonary arteries).
In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and then returns to the left side of your heart through the pulmonary veins.
The left side of the heart then pumps the blood through the aorta and out to the rest of the body.
Congenital heart disease can affect any of these heart structures, including the arteries, valves, chambers and the wall of tissue that separates the chambers (septum).
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Risk factors
Certain environmental and genetic risk factors might play a role in the development of congenital heart disease, including:
Genetic Predisposition: Congenital heart disease appears to run in families (inherited) and is associated with many genetic syndromes. For instance, children with Down syndrome often have heart defects. Genetic testing can detect Down syndrome and other disorders during a baby's development.
German measles (rubella): Having rubella during pregnancy may affect how the baby's heart develops while in the womb.
Diabetes: Having type 1 or type 2 diabetes during pregnancy also may affect a baby's heart development. Gestational diabetes generally doesn't increase the risk of congenital heart disease.
Medications: Taking certain medications while pregnant can cause congenital heart disease and other birth defects. These drugs are called Teratogenic. Always tell your doctor about the medications you take during pregnancy.
Alcohol: Drinking alcohol while pregnant also contributes to the risk of heart defects in the baby. These are classified as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Smoking: A mother who smokes while pregnant increases her risk of having a child with a congenital heart defect.
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Complications
Congenital heart disease complications that might develop years after you receive treatment include:
Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias): Arrhythmias occur when the electrical signals that coordinate your heartbeat don't work properly. Your heart may beat too fast, too slowly or irregularly. In some people, severe arrhythmias can cause stroke or sudden cardiac death if not treated. Scar tissue in your heart from previous surgeries can contribute to this complication.
Heart infection (endocarditis): Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium). It generally occurs when bacteria or other germs enter your bloodstream and move to your heart. Untreated, endocarditis can damage or destroy your heart valves or trigger a stroke. If you are at high risk of endocarditis, it's recommended that you take antibiotics one hour before dental cleanings. Regular dental checkups are important. Healthy gums and teeth reduce the risk that bacteria will enter the bloodstream.
Stroke: A congenital heart defect can allow a blood clot to pass through your heart and travel to your brain, where it reduces or blocks blood supply.
Pulmonary hypertension: This is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs. Some congenital heart defects send more blood to the lungs, causing pressure to build. This eventually causes your heart muscle to weaken and sometimes to fail.
Heart failure: Heart failure (congestive heart failure) means your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Some types of congenital heart disease can lead to heart failure.
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More Vulnerable to Heart Attack ?
We are all rattled by the latest news of actor Sidharth Shukla leaves us at an age of 40 years due to sudden heart attack.
Cardiovascular Heart Disease is the single largest non-communicable disease contributing to the morbidity burden in India. Cardiologists say they have, over the last decade, seen an increase in persons suffering heart attacks in their 20s and 30s. Fifty per cent of all heart attacks in Indian men occur under 50 years of age and 25 per cent of all heart attacks in Indian men occur under 40 years of age. Indians have a greater genetic predisposition to heart diseases. Studies have found that Indians get heart diseases at least 10 years before people in the West.
So what are the Risk Factors?
Indians consume a lot of trans fats- the ones we often find in fried and oily foods.
Apart from that There are some risk factors like smoking, stress, alcohol and family history. Diabetes, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, high cholesterol, obesity are the common risk factors across all age groups.
In the past few years, work culture has changed drastically. People are very stressed in their workplace and tend to eat outside a lot. They eat food that is high in sugar, salt and fat. The stress also causes youngsters to take to smoking, drinking and other unhealthy habits. Sleeplessness as another risk factor.
While a heart attack cannot necessarily be prevented, one can control the risk factors. Also, one must not ignore any new symptom just because he is in the 20-30 age group.
Things to Keep in Mind
Do not ignore symptoms like breathlessness, chest pain, excessive sweating and dizziness. Also, one should try to stop smoking and consuming too much alcohol. Have an active lifestyle and avoid fatty foods
Peripheral artery disease (also called peripheral arterial disease) is a common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to your limbs.
When you develop peripheral artery disease (PAD), your legs or arms  usually your legs  don't receive enough blood flow to keep up with demand. This may cause symptoms, such as leg pain when walking (claudication).
Peripheral artery disease is also likely to be a sign of a buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries (atherosclerosis). This condition may narrow your arteries and reduce blood flow to your legs and, occasionally, your arms.
You often can successfully treat peripheral artery disease by exercising, eating a healthy diet and quitting tobacco in any form.
Symptoms
While many people with peripheral artery disease have mild or no symptoms, some people have leg pain when walking (claudication).
Claudication symptoms include muscle pain or cramping in your legs or arms that's triggered by activity, such as walking, but disappears after a few minutes of rest. The location of the pain depends on the location of the clogged or narrowed artery. Calf pain is the most common location.
The severity of claudication varies widely, from mild discomfort to debilitating pain. Severe claudication can make it hard for you to walk or do other types of physical activity.
Peripheral artery disease signs and symptoms include:
Pain when using your arms, such as aching and cramping when knitting, writing or doing other manual tasks
If peripheral artery disease progresses, pain may even occur when you're at rest or when you're lying down. It may be intense enough to disrupt sleep. Hanging your legs over the edge of your bed or walking around your room may temporarily relieve the pain.
Causes
Peripheral artery disease is often caused by atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, fatty deposits build up on your artery walls and reduce blood flow.
Although discussions of atherosclerosis usually focus on the heart, the disease can and usually does affect arteries throughout your body. When it occurs in the arteries supplying blood to your limbs, it causes peripheral artery disease.
Less commonly, the cause of peripheral artery disease may be blood vessel inflammation, injury to your limbs, unusual anatomy of your ligaments or muscles, or radiation exposure.
Risk Factors
Factors that increase your risk of developing peripheral artery disease include:
People who smoke or have diabetes have the greatest risk of developing peripheral artery disease due to reduced blood flow.
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