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Dengue is a vector-borne disease transmitted by an infected female mosquito of the Aedes aegypti species that causes high fever. These mosquitoes are different from normal mosquitoes with white bands present on their legs. It often bites during the day and after the infected mosquito bites a human, the symptoms start developing in the body within 3-14 days. It has been seen that dengue infects children more.

Dengue Fever has the following symptoms:

1. High fever usually around 104 °F.
2. Severe headache
3. Rashes

4. Pain behind the eyes
5. Intense muscle and joint pain
6. Loss of appetite
7. Fatigue

Tips to prevent Dengue:

1. Avoid water stagnation in coolers, open areas, containers etc. By pouring a thin layer of kerosene oil over the stagnated areas to prevent the breeding of mosquito larvae.
2.  People are advised to wear full sleeves clothes to prevent transmission in the rainy season.
3. Mosquitoes frequently hang around in damp, dark areas. Make sure that there is plenty of sunlight in the room or house to keep mosquitoes out. Additionally, camphor may destroy many kinds of pests, so a smoky candle can be lighted every other day for roughly 30 minutes in the room.
4. As dengue mosquitoes usually bite during the daytime, it is advised to use a mosquito net while sleeping during the day and mosquito repellents in the form of roll-ons, sprays and sticks should be used.
5. Use aerosol during the day to prevent mosquito bites.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

1. Complete blood count test was done which gives information about platelet status, Dengue NS1 antigen, nucleic acid detection by PCR, etc...
2. Blood transfusions for platelets in severe cases as the platelet count eventually drop in dengue patients.
3. Though there are no antiviral medicines to treat dengue fever, early diagnosis and clinical treatment can help the patients.
4. Those suffering from dengue are advised to keep themselves hydrated.

This day is celebrated in remembrance of French biologist Louis Pasteur who gave the first dose of the first vaccine against the zoonotic disease rabies. This day holds importance in promoting awareness and educating people about the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from animals to the humans.
          Zoonoses, also known as zoonotic diseases, are infectious conditions caused by microorganisms that can pass from animals to humans. These zoonotic pathogens, which can be bacterial, parasitic, viral, or even strange agents, can spread through direct or indirect contact between animals and humans.

Causes- Zoonotic diseases are caused by a number of factors. Some of them are:
1. Direct contact- due to bites, scratches, or ingesting bodily fluids including blood, saliva, urine, faeces, or bite wounds from an infected animal.

2. Indirect contact: This might happen in areas where sick animals feed or live and are infected by the zoonotic pathogens.

3. Foodborne: Due to consuming contaminated foods like as raw fruits and vegetables, milk, meat, eggs coming from infected animals.

Symptoms-

1. Flu like symptoms like fever, cough, headache, fatigue and bodyache.
2. Visible lesions of bite marks, scratches on the skin.
3. Abdominal cramps, vomiting, severe diarrhea and loss of appetite.

Diagnosis and Treatment-

1. Physical examination of the skin
2. Administration of antibiotics and vaccines in case of animal bites.
3. Wear masks or protective clothing those who have animal allergy.
4. Periodic blood tests to identify the pathogens in order to start the medications.

Prevention and Control-

1. Vaccinate the pet animals immediately before getting them home.
2. Immediate administration of vaccines or medicine in case of animal bites or scratches.
3. Increasing knowledge of zoonotic diseases and operationalization among the people globally.
4. Improve biosecurity and identify the main causes of zoonotic disease in livestock.
5. Improving the zoonotic disease regulation and monitoring.
6. Make alternative livelihoods and ensure food security while promoting sustainable agricultural technology.

On June 27, 1995, the first National HIV Testing Day (NHTD) was observed. This is a day to encourage people to get tested for HIV, learn their status, and connect with care and treatment.

The theme for 2022, "HIV Testing is Self-care," is apt, given the importance of self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic

This year’s theme focuses on the following goals for partners.

• Testing is key to ending the HIV epidemic.
• Taking the test is taking care of yourself.
• Taking care of our loved ones too!
• Taking care of the wellness of the society

It's also very important, considering the crucial necessity of individual and community initiatives to improve physical and mental health.

What is HIV AND why HIV Testing is necessary?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that targets the body's immune system, which serves as its natural protection against sickness. If HIV is not treated, it might weaken the immune system to the point that it can no longer fight infection. Early testing helps to prevent this advanced stage of the virus, known as AIDS, is lethal and can be prevented.

HIV is a life-threatening disease that can infect people of all ages, genders, and sexual orientations.  Up to one in every seven persons living with HIV remain unaware of their status.

The test is quick and simple: During an HIV test, doctors collect a blood or saliva (swab test) sample for analysis. In about 20 minutes, you'll know if you have the infection. An HIV test is free.

If your HIV test results indicate that you have the virus, you can get the therapy you need to stay healthy. Antiretroviral medications now allow HIV patients to live long and normal lives.

 When you know your HIV status, you can take precautions to safeguard current and future sexual partners, as well as encourage former partners to be tested.

This day is celebrated in remembrance of Michael Jackson who suffered from vitiligo and died on 25^th June, 2009 to create global awareness about vitiligo. It encourages unity among the people with vitiligo to rule out the discrimination faced by them by the people and raise their voices and visibility in all the areas of life. Over 1% of the total world population suffers from vitiligo where it affects all the genders and ethnic groups especially in the age groups of 20-30 years.

Causes- Vitiligo is an autosomal disease that causes the loss of skin pigment cells called melanocytes. This causes the skin to lighten in patches across the body and face. It is often unpredictable but children born to both parents having this disease are more likely to develop vitiligo. This is non-communicable disease and around 80% of the people develop this condition before the age of 30 years.

Symptoms-

1. Depigmentation of the hair, skin and eyes.
2. Patch on the skin with no color especially on the inside of the mouth.
3. Premature graying of hair on the scalp and eyebrows.
4. Light sensitivity
5. Change in color of the eye’s retina.
6. Freckles and moles with light pinkish color due to reduced pigment.

Diagnosis and Treatment-

1. Physical examination of the skin
2. Electroretinogram for detect of light sensitivity in the eyes associated with vitiligo.
3. Micro-pigmentation also called permanent make up, is a tattooing procedure to treat vitiligo.
4. Protective sunglasses, clothing and sunscreens to protect from the UV exposure.

Genetic counseling to understand the inheritance of vitiligo in the family history.

Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder which causes “sickle” shaped red blood cells in humans. These deformed blood cells stick with each other, blocks the blood flow and oxygen to reach the other parts of the body. This day is observed annually with the goal to increase public knowledge and an understanding of sickle cell disease, and the challenges experienced by patients and their families.

This sickle cell mutation occurs when negatively charged glutamine is replaced by a neutral valine at the sixth position of the beta-globin chain and this mutation is transmitted and is inherited by an autosomal co-dominant fashion. People suffer from severe pain and has to be treated with strong painkillers like morphine. Symptoms of sickle cell start showing from around 5 to 6 months of age and along with the pain a person can also suffer from anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, blindness, bone damage and stroke.           The only available treatment to the sickle cell anemia is the stem cell transplantation. Genetic counseling is very vital to understand the possibility of inheritance of sickle cell anemia in the family history. Periodic checkups with the doctor is very crucial for the people suffering with sickle cell anemia to check the blood hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells counts etc.

Menstruation or menses is the monthly shedding of the lining of a woman’s uterus. It is also known as the menstrual period, cycle or period. The menstrual blood is composed of blood and tissue from the endometrium of the uterus and flows through the cervix and out of the body through the vagina. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long and can range in length from 21 days to about 35 days. The menstrual cycle is triggered by hormones controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain and the ovaries in the female reproductive tract. Girls start menstruating at the average age of 12 and as early as 8 years of age or as late as 16 years of age. Women stop menstruating at menopause, which occurs at about the age of 51.

Significance of National Menstrual Hygiene Day:

1. It aims to bring together the people for promoting good menstrual health and hygiene for everyone around the world.
2. To break the silence, raise awareness and change the social stigmas around menstrual health and hygiene.
3. It provides an opportunity to engage decision-makers and increase the political priority to catalyse the actions for menstrual health and hygiene at global, national, and local levels.

Tips to maintain Menstrual Hygiene:

1. Change the sanitary pads regularly to avoid the conditions like Toxic Shock Syndrome (bacterial infection) and other infections.

2. Maintain cleanliness and hygiene.

3. Choose the correct method of sanitation.

4. Wash yourself regularly.

5. Consult a gynaecologist immediately if any discomfort or infection arises.

1. Complete blood count test done which gives information about platelets status, Dengue NS1 antigen, nucleic acid detection by PCR etc…
2. Though there are no antiviral medicines to treat dengue fever, early diagnosis and clinical treatment can help the patients.
3. Those suffering from dengue are advised to keep themselves hydrated.

1. Avoid water stagnation in coolers, open areas, containers etc.
2.  People are advised to wear full sleeves clothes to prevent the transmission in rainy season.
3. Use a mosquito net or mosquito repellent while sleeping during the day.
4. Use aerosol during the day to prevent from mosquito bites.

1. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: This type of lupus affects the skin. People experience skin issues like a sensitivity to the sun, rashes and hair loss.
2. Drug-induced lupus: This is caused by certain medications. Symptoms are same as that of systemic lupus erythematosus, but it’s usually temporary.
3. Neonatal lupus: A rare type of lupus, this is condition found in infants at birth. Children born with neonatal lupus have antibodies that were passed to them from their mother — who either had lupus at the time of the pregnancy or may have the condition later in life.

1. Sensitivity to sunlight, rashes, hair loss
2. shortness of breath, fever, headache
3. chest pain, stomach pain, joint pain and muscles pain
4. Fatigue, dry eyes and mouth sores
5. Blood clots
6. Seizures

1. Blood cell count and detection of biomarkers responsible for lupus.
2. Urine examination for the lupus affecting kidneys.
3. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test to find out the possibility of this autoimmune disorder.
4. Tissue biopsy for skin.
5. Medicines such as hydroxychloroquine, steroids, etc.

1. Prevent exposure to sunlight.
2. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle- nutrient rich diet, regular exercise.
3. Management of stress
4. By quitting smoking as smoking increases the risk of lupus.
5. Take preventive medicines in case of emergency.

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